REFERENCES
1. Wu, Q.; Liang, J.; Wang, D.; Wang, R.; Janiak, C. Host molecules inside metal-organic frameworks: host@MOF and guest@host@MOF (Matrjoschka) materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2025, 54, 601-22.
2. Zhang, J.; Zhang, X.; Fang, K.; et al. Efficient glycerol oxidation on PMo12‐encapsulated MOF‐74 electrocatalyst coupled with hydrogen evolution at industrial-level current density. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2502616.
3. Wang, J.; Gao, Z.; Jia, Y.; et al. MAPbBr3 quantum dots encapsulated within lanthanide-MOFs for time-resolved multicolor dynamic anticounterfeiting. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2501271.
4. Yu, C.; Zhang, W.; Xian, M.; et al. Copper azide nanoparticle-encapsulating MOF-derived porous carbon: electrochemical preparation for high-performance primary explosive film. Small 2022, 18, 2107364.
5. Suresh, K.; Matzger, A. J. Enhanced drug delivery by dissolution of amorphous drug encapsulated in a water unstable metal-organic framework (MOF). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 16790-4.
6. Vijayakumar, E.; Ramakrishnan, S.; Sathiskumar, C.; et al. MOF-derived CoP-nitrogen-doped carbon@NiFeP nanoflakes as an efficient and durable electrocatalyst with multiple catalytically active sites for OER, HER, ORR and rechargeable zinc-air batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 428, 131115.
7. Li, G.; Zhao, S.; Zhang, Y.; Tang, Z. Metal-organic frameworks encapsulating active nanoparticles as emerging composites for catalysis: recent progress and perspectives. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1800702.
8. Pan, T.; Khalil, I. E.; Xu, Z.; et al. Spatial compartmentalization of metal nanoparticles within metal-organic frameworks for tandem reaction. Nano. Res. 2021, 15, 1178-82.
9. Wu, C.; Luo, M.; Zhao, Y.; et al. CO2 hydrogenation using MOFs encapsulated PdAg nano-catalysts for formate production. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 475, 146411.
10. Chen, L.; Luque, R.; Li, Y. Controllable design of tunable nanostructures inside metal-organic frameworks. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 4614-30.
11. Gao, C.; Lyu, F.; Yin, Y. Encapsulated metal nanoparticles for catalysis. Chem. Rev. 2020, 121, 834-81.
12. Ke, F.; Yuan, J.; Zhang, C.; Ye, S.; Ramachandraiah, K.; Pang, H. Core-shell nanostructured metal-organic frameworks with encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles for magnetically recyclable catalysis. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2024, 518, 216116.
13. He, H.; Li, L.; Liu, Y.; et al. Rapid room-temperature synthesis of a porphyrinic MOF for encapsulating metal nanoparticles. Nano. Res. 2020, 14, 444-9.
14. Dhaoui, R.; Cazarez, S. L.; Xing, L.; et al. 3D visualization of proteins within metal-organic frameworks via ferritin-enabled electron microscopy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 34, 2312972.
15. Dai, S.; Ngoc, K. P.; Grimaud, L.; Zhang, S.; Tissot, A.; Serre, C. Impact of capping agent removal from Au NPs@MOF core-shell nanoparticle heterogeneous catalysts. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2022, 10, 3201-5.
16. Yang, Q.; Liu, W.; Wang, B.; et al. Regulating the spatial distribution of metal nanoparticles within metal-organic frameworks to enhance catalytic efficiency. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 14429.
17. Li, S.; Huo, F. Hybrid crystals comprising metal-organic frameworks and functional particles: synthesis and applications. Small 2014, 10, 4371-8.
18. Lu, G.; Li, S.; Guo, Z.; et al. Imparting functionality to a metal-organic framework material by controlled nanoparticle encapsulation. Nature. Chem. 2012, 4, 310-6.
19. Meledina, M.; Watson, G.; Meledin, A.; Van Der Voort, P.; Mayer, J.; Leus, K. Ru Catalyst encapsulated into the pores of MIL-101 MOF: direct visualization by TEM. Materials 2021, 14, 4531.
20. Li, L.; Li, Z.; Yang, W.; et al. Integration of Pd nanoparticles with engineered pore walls in MOFs for enhanced catalysis. Chem 2021, 7, 686-98.
21. Deng, T.; Shi, X.; Zhang, W.; Wang, Z.; Zheng, W. In-plane assembly of distinctive 2D MOFs with optimum supercapacitive performance. iScience 2020, 23, 101220.
22. Wang, X.; Peng, Z.; Zhou, W.; et al. Ligand modulation in metal-organic frameworks derived regenerable oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202504148.
23. Yan, J.; Gao, C.; Qi, S.; et al. Encapsulation of nano-Si into MOF glass to enhance lithium-ion battery anode performances. Nano. Energy. 2022, 103, 107779.
24. Ogata, A. F.; Rakowski, A. M.; Carpenter, B. P.; et al. Direct observation of amorphous precursor phases in the nucleation of protein-metal-organic frameworks. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 1433-42.
25. Wu, X.; Yue, H.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Packaging and delivering enzymes by amorphous metal-organic frameworks. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 5165.
26. Qi, Z.; Pei, Y.; Goh, T. W.; et al. Conversion of confined metal@ZIF-8 structures to intermetallic nanoparticles supported on nitrogen-doped carbon for electrocatalysis. Nano. Res. 2018, 11, 3469-79.
27. Girod, R.; Lazaridis, T.; Gasteiger, H. A.; Tileli, V. Three-dimensional nanoimaging of fuel cell catalyst layers. Nat. Catal. 2023, 6, 383-91.
28. Yu, K.; Li, C.; Xie, J.; Ferreira, P. J. Understanding the degradation mechanisms of Pt electrocatalysts in PEMFCs by combining 2D and 3D identical location TEM. Nano. Lett. 2023, 23, 1858-64.
29. Ma, K.; Feng, S.; Hu, H.; Cai, Y.; Chen, D.; Han, L. Deep learning-based workflow for atomic image denoising and chemical identification. Chin. J. Struct. Chem. 2025, 44, 100572.
30. Zhang, L.; Hu, H.; Sun, C.; et al. Bimetallic nanoalloys planted on super-hydrophilic carbon nanocages featuring tip-intensified hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 7179.
31. Song, H.; Yang, Y.; Geng, J.; Gu, Z.; Zou, J.; Yu, C. Electron tomography: a unique tool solving intricate hollow nanostructures. Adv. Mater. 2018, 31, 1801564.
32. Hugenschmidt, M.; Jannis, D.; Kadu, A. A.; et al. Low-dose 4D-STEM tomography for beam-sensitive nanocomposites. ACS. Materials. Lett. 2023, 6, 165-73.
33. Esken, D.; Turner, S.; Lebedev, O. I.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Fischer, R. A. Au@ZIFs: stabilization and encapsulation of cavity-size matching gold clusters inside functionalized zeolite imidazolate frameworks, ZIFs. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 6393-401.
34. Chen, Y.; Gu, B.; Uchida, T.; et al. Location determination of metal nanoparticles relative to a metal-organic framework. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 3462.
35. Albrecht, W.; Bals, S. Fast electron tomography for nanomaterials. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2020, 124, 27276-86.
36. Koneti, S.; Roiban, L.; Dalmas, F.; et al. Fast electron tomography: applications to beam sensitive samples and in situ TEM or operando environmental TEM studies. Mater. Charact. 2019, 151, 480-95.
37. Zhang, M.; Yang, Y.; Li, C.; Liu, Q.; Williams, C. T.; Liang, C. PVP-Pd@ZIF-8 as highly efficient and stable catalysts for selective hydrogenation of 1,4-butynediol. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2014, 4, 329-32.
38. Yang, Y.; Chen, C.; Scott, M. C.; et al. Deciphering chemical order/disorder and material properties at the single-atom level. Nature 2017, 542, 75-9.
39. Vanrompay, H.; Skorikov, A.; Bladt, E.; et al. Fast versus conventional HAADF-STEM tomography of nanoparticles: advantages and challenges. Ultramicroscopy 2021, 221, 113191.
40. Cravillon, J.; Schröder, C. A.; Nayuk, R.; Gummel, J.; Huber, K.; Wiebcke, M. Fast nucleation and growth of ZIF‐8 nanocrystals monitored by time-resolved in situ small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 8067-71.
41. Troyano, J.; Carné-Sánchez, A.; Avci, C.; Imaz, I.; Maspoch, D. Colloidal metal-organic framework particles: the pioneering case of ZIF-8. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019, 48, 5534-46.







