REFERENCES

1. Zubairi, H.; Lu, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Reaney, I. M.; Wang, G. Current development, optimisation strategies and future perspectives for lead-free dielectric ceramics in high field and high energy density capacitors. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2024, 53, 10761-90.

2. Zhang, M.; Lan, S.; Yang, B. B.; et al. Ultrahigh energy storage in high-entropy ceramic capacitors with polymorphic relaxor phase. Science 2024, 384, 185-9.

3. Aramberri, H.; Fedorova, N. S.; Íñiguez, J. Ferroelectric/paraelectric superlattices for energy storage. Sci. Adv. 2022, 8, eabn4880.

4. Fan, X.; Wang, J.; Yuan, H.; Zheng, Z.; Zhang, J.; Zhu, K. Multi-scale synergic optimization strategy for dielectric energy storage ceramics. J. Adv. Ceram. 2023, 12, 649-80.

5. Li, S.; Zhang, C.; Li, S.; Zhang, L.; Wu, H. Enhanced energy-storage performance with optimized thermally stable dielectric property in BNT-BST ceramics modified by KNN doping. J. Adv. Dielect. 2024, 14, 2440011.

6. Peng, H.; Hu, T.; Liu, Z.; et al. Antiferroelectric-like high-entropy superparaelectric enables ultrahigh energy-storage in multilayer capacitors. Adv. Mater. 2026, 38, e73066.

7. Zhang, L.; Jing, R.; Huang, Y.; et al. Ultra-weak polarization-strain coupling effect boosts capacitive energy storage. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2406219.

8. Yang, J.; Ge, G.; Chen, C.; Shen, B.; Zhai, J.; Chou, X. Field-induced strain engineering to optimize antiferroelectric ceramics in breakdown strength and energy storage performance. Acta. Mater. 2023, 257, 119186.

9. Yang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Guo, K.; et al. Deciphering the relationships among phase boundary, domain structure, and excellent electrical properties of ternary Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃-Bi_0.2Sr_0.7TiO₃-NaNbO₃ ferroelectrics. Ceram. Int. 2024, 50, 48174-82.

10. Wang, H.; Wu, S.; Fu, B.; et al. Hierarchically polar structures induced superb energy storage properties for relaxor Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃-based ceramics. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 471, 144446.

11. Yan, F.; Qi, X.; Qian, J.; et al. Boosting capacitive energy storage performance of bismuth sodium titanate-based lead-free ceramics under low electric field. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 516, 164247.

12. He, S.; Lou, K.; Han, B.; et al. Superior energy storage density and efficiency in antiferroelectric-like BNT-based ceramics via single-element phase engineering. J. Adv. Ceram. 2025, 14, 9221056.

13. Pan, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, Q.; et al. Entropy-driven multi-scale enhancement of energy storage performance in (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)_0.5Ba_0.5TiO₃ ceramics. J. Materiomics. 2025, 11, 101055.

14. Yin, J.; Zhang, Y.; Lv, X.; Wu, J. Ultrahigh energy-storage potential under low electric field in bismuth sodium titanate-based perovskite ferroelectrics. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2018, 6, 9823-32.

15. Cilaveni, G.; Ashok, Kumar. K.; Raavi, S. S. K.; Subrahmanyam, C.; Asthana, S. Control over relaxor, piezo-photocatalytic and energy storage properties in Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ via processing methodologies. J. Alloys. Compd. 2019, 798, 540-52.

16. Chen, M.; Yan, N.; Zhang, J.; et al. Curved-dislocation-engineered local polar texturing in core-shell Ba_0.5Bi_0.5Ti_0.5Fe_0.5O₃-Ca_0.7La_0.2ZrO₃ ceramics for high-capacitive energy storage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e27868.

17. Yu, H.; Hu, T.; Wang, H.; et al. Design of polymorphic heterogeneous shell in relaxor antiferroelectrics for ultrahigh capacitive energy storage. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 886.

18. Zhang, X.; Zhao, L.; Qiu, Y.; et al. Achieving comprehensive temperature-stable energy storage properties in core-shell Na_0.4K_0.1Bi_0.5TiO₃@(SrZrO₃-BiMg_0.5Sn_0.5O₃)@SiO₂ ceramics via a multi-scale synergistic optimization. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 462, 142251.

19. Zhang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, P.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, P.; Yue, Z. Domain engineered lead-free Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃-Bi(Ni_0.5Hf_0.5)O₃ relaxor ferroelectric ceramics for energy storage with low electric field applications. J. Energy. Storage. 2024, 84, 110847.

20. Xu, M.; Zeng, D.; Wang, X.; et al. Optimizing the energy storage performance of NaNbO₃ ceramics by rare-earth-based composite perovskite Sm(Mg_0.5Zr_0.5)O₃ modification. Microstructures 2023, 3, 2023034.

21. Shen, Y.; Wu, L.; Zhao, J.; et al. Constructing novel binary Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃-based composite ceramics for excellent energy storage performances via defect engineering. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 439, 135762.

22. Nie, X.; Jing, R.; Zhang, L.; et al. Coupled phase-boundary engineering and defect control for ultrahigh electrostrain with low hysteresis in lead-free BNBT-based ceramics. Acta. Mater. 2026, 313, 122284.

23. Xie, B.; Li, Z.; Luo, H.; et al. Constructing superrelaxor critical state towards giant energy storage in lead-free dielectric ceramics. Nat. Commun. 2026, 17, 1583.

24. Chen, L.; Wang, N.; Zhang, Z.; et al. Local diverse polarization optimized comprehensive energy-storage performance in lead-free superparaelectrics. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2205787.

25. Jing, R.; Zhang, L.; Yang, Y.; et al. Synergistic design strategies breaking the energy storage trade-off in lead-free dielectrics. Adv. Mater. 2026, 38, e74343.

26. Li, D.; Zheng, Z.; Yang, B.; et al. Atomic-scale high-entropy design for superior capacitive energy storage performance in lead-free ceramics. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2409639.

27. Habib, M.; Wang, H.; Fang, W.; et al. High-entropy chemical composition design for ultrahigh capacitive energy storage. Adv. Sci. 2025, 13, e21163.

28. Shi, W.; Meng, M.; Zhang, L.; et al. High-entropy engineering of BNKT-based ceramics enables ultrastable dielectric energy storage. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 522, 167352.

29. Huang, Y.; Shang, K.; Yang, Y.; et al. Ultrahigh energy storage capacities in high-entropy relaxor ferroelectrics. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2024, 12, 18224-33.

30. Zeng, X.; Lin, J.; Shen, J.; et al. Giant capacitive energy storage in high-entropy lead-free ceramics with temperature self-check. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2409059.

31. Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Bai, H.; et al. Advanced energy storage properties and multi-scale regulation mechanism in (1-x)(Bi_0.5Na_0.5)_0.7Sr_0.3TiO₃-xCa(Nb_0.5Al_0.5)O₃ relaxor ferroelectric ceramics. Acta. Mater. 2024, 276, 120109.

32. Yang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Huang, Y.; et al. Entropy-driven polarization disordering enables ultrahigh energy storage performance in lead-free ferroelectric ceramics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e76402.

33. Meng, X.; Yuan, Y.; Wang, H.; Tang, B.; Li, E. Superior energy-storage performances under a moderate electric field achieved in antiferroelectric-like Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃-based relaxor ferroelectric ceramics by a synergistic optimization strategy. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2024, 16, 67979-94.

34. Cao, W.; Li, L.; Zhao, H.; et al. Outstanding energy storage performance of NBT-based ceramics under moderate electric field achieved via antiferroelectric engineering. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2023, 15, 38633-43.

35. Zeng, X.; Lin, J.; Chen, Y.; et al. Superior energy storage capability and fluorescence negative thermal expansion of NaNbO₃-based transparent ceramics by synergistic optimization. Small 2024, 20, 2309992.

36. Ning, Y.; Pu, Y.; Wu, C.; et al. Enhanced capacitive energy storage and dielectric temperature stability of A-site disordered high-entropy perovskite oxides. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2023, 145, 66-73.

37. Zhang, X.; Zhang, F.; Niu, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Bai, Y.; Wang, Z. Effect of La substitution on energy storage properties of (Bi_0.2Na_0.2Ca_0.2Ba_0.2Sr_0.2)TiO₃ lead-free high-entropy ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2023, 106, 6641-53.

38. Tao, Y.; Yang, H.; Wang, M.; Zheng, B.; Lin, Y. High energy storage efficiency and exceptional recoverable energy storage density achieved in KNN-based ceramics via entropy engineering. J. Alloys. Compd. 2025, 1024, 180210.

39. Yang, H.; Qi, H.; Zuo, R. Enhanced breakdown strength and energy storage density in a new BiFeO₃-based ternary lead-free relaxor ferroelectric ceramic. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2019, 39, 2673-9.

40. Su, Q.; Ma, Z.; Zhu, J.; et al. Excellent energy-storage performance in BNT-SST-LMN lead-free relaxor ferroelectric ceramics with high electrical homogeneity. ACS. Appl. Energy. Mater. 2022, 5, 15247-56.

41. Cao, M.; Zhang, X.; Yang, S.; et al. Realizing high energy storage performance in (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)_0.7Sr_0.3TiO₃ ceramicsvia phase structure adjustment. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2025, 13, 14181-8.

42. Malasi, A.; Nanda, N.; Swain, S.; Kumar, P. Tailoring breakdown behaviour in BST-xMgO ceramics for energy storage applications. J. Alloys. Compd. 2025, 1038, 182737.

43. Che, R.; Yang, K.; You, W.; Cen, Z.; Luo, N. Excellent energy storage performance in Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃ high-entropy relaxor ferroelectrics modified with multiple aliovalent B-site ions. Microstructures 2026, 6, 2026013.

44. Sun, Z.; Luo, T.; Gao, P.; et al. Machine-learning-designed BCZT-SBT heterointerface unlocks fatigue-resistant energy storage. Adv. Mater. 2025, 38, e19635.

45. Sun, Z.; Li, Y.; Yang, H.; et al. Machine-learning-guided polarization-lattice decoupling enables ultrahigh energy storage in lead-free dielectric ceramics. Adv. Mater. 2026, e73801.

46. Sun, Z.; Diwu, L.; Gao, R.; et al. Machine learning-driven ultra-high energy storage performance in ferro-superparaelectric capacitors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 36, e16412.

47. Li, D.; Shen, Z.; Li, Z.; et al. Structural evolution, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of (1-x)Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃-xBa_0.3Sr_0.7TiO₃ ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 2019, 30, 5917-22.

48. Li, Z.; Li, D.; Shen, Z.; et al. Remarkably enhanced dielectric stability and energy storage properties in BNT-BST relaxor ceramics by A-site defect engineering for pulsed power applications. J. Adv. Ceram. 2022, 11, 283-94.

49. Chen, L.; Hu, T.; Shi, X.; et al. Near-zero energy consumption capacitors by controlling inhomogeneous polarization configuration. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2313285.

50. Shannon, R. D. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta. Cryst. A. 1976, 32, 751-67.

51. Reaney, I. M.; Enrico, L. Colla ELC, Nava Setter NS. Dielectric and structural characteristics of Ba- and Sr-based complex perovskites as a function of tolerance factor. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1994, 33, 3984.

52. Jones, G. O.; Thomas, P. A. Investigation of the structure and phase transitions in the novel A-site substituted distorted perovskite compound Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃. Acta. Cryst. B. Struct. Sci. 2002, 58, 168-78.

53. Petzelt, J.; Kamba, S.; Fábry, J.; et al. Infrared, Raman and high-frequency dielectric spectroscopy and the phase transitions in Na_1/2Bi_1/2TiO₃. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2004, 16, 2719-31.

54. Zhao, H.; Cao, W.; Liang, C.; Wang, C.; Wang, C.; Cheng, Z. High-entropy design toward ultrahigh energy storage density under moderate electric field in bulk lead-free ceramics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 35, 2411954.

55. Jia, W.; Hou, Y.; Zheng, M.; et al. Advances in lead-free high-temperature dielectric materials for ceramic capacitor application. IET. Nanodielectrics. 2018, 1, 3-16.

56. Khokhar, A.; Narwal, A.; Yadav, K. L. Dynamic behavior of polar nano regions: enhanced energy density in the low electric field region via hybrid polarization mechanism in BNT-based relaxors. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 515, 163751.

57. Zhang, J.; Pu, Y.; Hao, Y.; et al. Novel ternary BiFeO₃-based perovskite-pyrochlore composite ceramics for enhanced energy-storage performance. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 516, 164008.

58. Wang, X.; Huan, Y.; Zhao, P.; et al. Optimizing the grain size and grain boundary morphology of (K,Na)NbO₃-based ceramics: paving the way for ultrahigh energy storage capacitors. J. Materiomics. 2021, 7, 780-9.

59. Wu, C.; Qiu, X.; Chen, L.; et al. A strategy to achieve high energy storage performance under a relatively low electric field in NBT-based ceramics. J. Alloys. Compd. 2022, 910, 164851.

60. Zhang, X.; Zhao, L.; Liu, L.; Zhang, Z.; Cui, B. Interface and defect modulation via a core-shell design in (Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃@La₂O₃)-(SrSn_0.2Ti_0.8O₃@La₂O₃)-Bi₂O₃-B₂O₃-SiO₂ composite ceramics for wide-temperature energy storage capacitors. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 435, 135061.

61. He, B.; Zhou, B.; Yan, S.; Cao, F.; Chen, X.; Wang, G. Ultrahigh energy density and efficiency BaTiO₃-based multilayer ceramic capacitors. J. Adv. Ceram. 2025, 14, 9221018.

62. Dan, Y.; Tang, L.; Ning, W.; et al. Achieving enhanced energy storage performance and ultra-fast discharge time in tungsten-bronze ceramic. J. Adv. Ceram. 2024, 13, 1349-58.