REFERENCES

1. Cheema, S. S.; Shanker, N.; Hsu, S.; et al. Giant energy storage and power density negative capacitance superlattices. Nature 2024, 629, 803-9.

2. Zhang, M.; Lan, S.; Yang, B. B.; et al. Ultrahigh energy storage in high-entropy ceramic capacitors with polymorphic relaxor phase. Science 2024, 384, 185-9.

3. Yang, L.; Kong, X.; Li, F.; et al. Perovskite lead-free dielectrics for energy storage applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2019, 102, 72-108.

4. Li, J.; Shen, Z.; Chen, X.; et al. Grain-orientation-engineered multilayer ceramic capacitors for energy storage applications. Nat. Mater. 2020, 19, 999-1005.

5. Li, Q.; Chen, L.; Gadinski, M. R.; et al. Flexible high-temperature dielectric materials from polymer nanocomposites. Nature 2015, 523, 576-9.

6. Yang, B.; Zhang, Y.; Pan, H.; et al. High-entropy enhanced capacitive energy storage. Nat. Mater. 2022, 21, 1074-80.

7. Wang, G.; Lu, Z.; Li, Y.; et al. Electroceramics for high-energy density capacitors: current status and future perspectives. Chem. Rev. 2021, 121, 6124-72.

8. Jang, J.; Choi, S. Reduced dimensional ferroelectric domains and their characterization techniques. Microstructures 2024, 4, 2024016.

9. Yan, F.; Qian, J.; Lin, J.; Ge, G.; Shi, C.; Zhai, J. Ultrahigh energy storage density and efficiency of lead-free dielectrics with sandwich structure. Small 2023, 20, 2306803.

10. Jayakrishnan, A.; Silva, J.; Kamakshi, K.; et al. Are lead-free relaxor ferroelectric materials the most promising candidates for energy storage capacitors? Prog. Mater. Sci. 2023, 132, 101046.

11. Kim, J.; Saremi, S.; Acharya, M.; et al. Ultrahigh capacitive energy density in ion-bombarded relaxor ferroelectric films. Science 2020, 369, 81-4.

12. Liu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, J.; et al. Ultrahigh capacitive energy storage through dendritic nanopolar design. Science 2025, 388, 211-6.

13. Zha, J.; Liu, J.; Yang, Y.; et al. High energy storage performance of (1-x)Ba_0.5Sr_0.5TiO₃-xK_0.5Na_0.5NbO₃ ceramics via a combined strategy of fine grains and multiphase polar nanoregions. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 486, 150441.

14. Zhao, L.; Liu, Q.; Gao, J.; Zhang, S.; Li, J. F. Lead-free antiferroelectric silver niobate tantalate with high energy storage performance. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1701824.

15. Ji, H.; Wang, D.; Bao, W.; et al. Ultrahigh energy density in short-range tilted NBT-based lead-free multilayer ceramic capacitors by nanodomain percolation. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2021, 38, 113-20.

16. Yao, F.; Yuan, Q.; Wang, Q.; Wang, H. Multiscale structural engineering of dielectric ceramics for energy storage applications: from bulk to thin films. Nanoscale 2020, 12, 17165-84.

17. Xi, K.; Liu, J.; Song, B.; et al. Boosting energy storage performance in negative temperature coefficient linear-like dielectrics via composite modulation in the superparaelectric state. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2024, 44, 1588-96.

18. Zhang, M.; Zhu, M.; Chang, Z.; et al. Achieving excellent energy storage performance of K_1/2Bi_1/2TiO₃-based ceramics via multi-phase boundary and bandgap engineering. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 473, 145314.

19. Pan, H.; Lan, S.; Xu, S.; et al. Ultrahigh energy storage in superparaelectric relaxor ferroelectrics. Science 2021, 374, 100-4.

20. Liu, Z.; Peng, H.; Lu, T.; et al. Harnessing multisite high-entropy architecture for ultrahigh energy storage multilayer capacitors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 41620-8.

21. Liu, H.; Sun, Z.; Zhang, J.; et al. Chemical design of Pb-free relaxors for giant capacitive energy storage. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, jacs.3c02811.

22. Chen, Y.; Zhu, Z.; Zhu, L.; et al. Giant capacitive energy-storage in BaTiO₃-based fine-grained relaxors via local polarization enhancement. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2420566.

23. Qi, H.; Xie, A.; Tian, A.; Zuo, R. Superior energy-storage capacitors with simultaneously giant energy density and efficiency using nanodomain engineered BiFeO₃-BaTiO₃-NaNbO₃ lead-free bulk ferroelectrics. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2019, 10, 1903338.

24. Pan, H.; Li, F.; Liu, Y.; et al. Ultrahigh-energy density lead-free dielectric films via polymorphic nanodomain design. Science 2019, 365, 578-82.

25. Wang, X.; Song, X.; Fan, Y.; et al. Lead-free high permittivity quasi-linear dielectrics for giant energy storage multilayer ceramic capacitors with broad temperature stability. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2024, 14, 2400821.

26. Qi, H.; Chen, L.; Deng, S.; Chen, J. High-entropy ferroelectric materials. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2023, 8, 355-6.

27. Long, C.; Zhou, W.; Song, H.; et al. Simultaneously realizing ultrahigh energy storage density and efficiency in BaTiO₃-based dielectric ceramics by creating highly dynamic polar nanoregions and intrinsic conduction. Acta. Mater. 2023, 256, 119135.

28. Yang, F.; Bao, Y.; Zeng, B.; et al. Excellent energy storage properties in ZrO₂ toughened Ba_0.55Sr_0.45TiO₃-based relaxor ferroelectric ceramics via multi-scale synergic regulation. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 493, 152624.

29. Li, D.; Meng, X.; Zhou, E.; et al. Ultrahigh energy density of antiferroelectric PbZrO₃-based films at low electric field. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2302995.

30. Pan, H.; Ma, J.; Ma, J.; et al. Giant energy density and high efficiency achieved in bismuth ferrite-based film capacitors via domain engineering. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 1813.

31. Cao, W.; Lin, R.; Hou, X.; et al. Interfacial polarization restriction for ultrahigh energy-storage density in lead-free ceramics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2301027.

32. Ding, Y.; Li, P.; He, J.; et al. Simultaneously achieving high energy-storage efficiency and density in Bi-modified SrTiO3-based relaxor ferroelectrics by ion selective engineering. Compos. Part. B. Eng. 2022, 230, 109493.

33. Corker, D. L.; Glazer, A. M.; Whatmore, R. W.; Stallard, A.; Fauth, F. A neutron diffraction investigation into the rhombohedral phases of the perovskite series. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 1998, 10, 6251-69.

34. Wang, K.; Li, J. Analysis of crystallographic evolution in (Na,K)NbO3-based lead-free piezoceramics by x-ray diffraction. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 262902.

35. Tucker, M. G.; Keen, D. A.; Dove, M. T.; Goodwin, A. L.; Hui, Q. RMCProfile: reverse Monte Carlo for polycrystalline materials. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2007, 19, 335218.

36. Krayzman, V.; Levin, I.; Woicik, J. C.; Bridges, F. Correlated rattling-ion origins of dielectric properties in reentrant dipole glasses BaTiO₃-BiScO₃. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2015, 107, 192903.

37. Datta, K.; Margaritescu, I.; Keen, D.; Mihailova, B. Stochastic polarization instability in PbTiO₃. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2018, 121, 137602.

38. Pennycook, S. J.; Boatner, L. A. Chemically sensitive structure-imaging with a scanning transmission electron microscope. Nature 1988, 336, 565-7.

39. Petkov, V. Nanostructure by high-energy X-ray diffraction. Mater. Today. 2008, 11, 28-38.

40. Keen, D. A. Total scattering and the pair distribution function in crystallography. Crystallogr. Rev. 2020, 26, 143-201.

41. Zhang, Y.; Eremenko, M.; Krayzman, V.; Tucker, M. G.; Levin, I. New capabilities for enhancement of RMCProfile: instrumental profiles with arbitrary peak shapes for structural refinements using the reverse Monte Carlo method. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2020, 53, 1509-18.

42. Wang, L.; Qi, H.; Deng, S.; et al. Design of superior electrostriction in BaTiO₃-based lead-free relaxors via the formation of polarization nanoclusters. InfoMat 2022, 5, e12362.

43. Ogihara, H.; Randall, C. A.; Trolier-mckinstry, S. High-energy density capacitors utilizing 0.7 BaTiO₃-0.3 BiScO₃ ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2009, 92, 1719-24.

44. Chen, F.; Chen, M.; Zhang, J.; et al. Polar vortices in relaxor ferroelectric ceramics for high-efficiency capacitive energy storage. ACS. Nano. 2025, 19, 1809-18.