fig3

Figure 3. A: SEM images of pristine and 5-AVAI added films (left); Operational stability of encapsulated PSCs with and without 5-AVAI under continuous 1 sun illumination at MPPT (right). This figure is quoted with permission from Kayesh et al.^[56]; B: Computed electronic band gaps of BA₂MA_n-1M_nI_3n+1 with varying n-values (M = Ge, Sn, and Pb) based on the hybrid functional plus SOC scheme. This figure is quoted with permission from MA et al.^[57]; C: Formation energies of various functional group clusters are absorbed on layered tin perovskites with different numbers of layers X₂(MA)_n-1Sn_nI_3n+1(X = FA, BA, PEA); D: Calculated HSE06 projected bandgaps of 2D tin perovskites with different numbers of layers and organic cations (L represents the number of layers). This figure is quoted with permission from Wang et al.^[58]; E: Schematic illustration of the Band alignment of 3D-MASnI₃, 2D-Sn₄I₁₃, 2D-Sn₃I₁₀ (top), J-V curve of n = 3 Sn₃I₁₀ and n = 4 Sn₄I₁₃ devices (bottom). This figure is quoted with permission from Cao et al.^[59]. PEA: phenethylammonium; BA: butylammonium; PA: propylammonium. SEM: scanning electron microscope; MPPT: maximum power point tracking.