fig1

Figure 1. Ni ions-assisted growth of PTO films and by-product powders on NSTO substrate. SEM images of PTO films synthesized via coprecipitation-hydrothermal method from precursor solutions with different Ni ion concentrations of (A) 0%; (B) 1%; (C) 3%; (D) 5%; and (E) 10%. SEM images of by-product powders synthesized from precursor solutions with different Ni ion concentrations of (F) 0%; (G) 1%; (H) 3%; (I) 5%; and (J) 10%. Cross-sectional SEM images of films synthesized from precursor solutions with different Ni ion concentrations of (K) 0%; (L) 1%; (M) 3%; (N) 5%; and (O) 10%. (P-T) The corresponding schematic diagrams of the growth models. PTO: PbTiO₃; NSTO: Nb:SrTiO₃; SEM: scanning electron microscope.