fig4

Figure 4. Domain switching and ionic migration characterizations of CIPS-IPS crystal. (A-D) The amplitude and phase images of initial, after applying -6 V/+6 V bias, after applying -6 V bias and after applying +6 V bias, respectively. The scale bar is 1.5 μm. (E) Schematic diagram of ion migration in CIPS under tip electric field. Red balls represent copper ions. The white and blue arrows indicate the polarization direction and the electric field direction, respectively. (F) Current-voltage(I-V) curves at different scan rates in different polarization areas.