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Figure 2. Tumor-specific epigenetic programs in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Representative epigenetic alterations are shown for ESCC, Barrett’s-associated EAC, gastric cancer and the colorectal serrated pathway. These include LINE-1 or global hypomethylation, lineage-specific enhancer and chromatin states, EBV- and Helicobacter pylori-associated methylation, CIMP-high, MLH1 promoter methylation and mismatch-repair deficiency. Created in BioRender.com. ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; EAC: esophageal adenocarcinoma; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; MMR: DNA mismatch repair; CIMP:CpG island methylator phenotype.