fig3

Figure 3. Mendelian randomization analysis in the validation set. The IVW method was used as the primary estimator to identify genes significantly associated with BPH in the validation dataset (IVW P < 0.05). MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode methods were applied as complementary sensitivity analyses. BPH: Benign prostatic hyperplasia; IVW: Inverse-variance weighted; MR: mendelian randomization; OR: odds ratio.