fig5

Figure 5. Population relationships and genetic affinity. (A) Pairwise qpWave tests highlight both genetic differentiation and shared ancestry among ancient populations. Rank-0 P-values greater than 0.05 indicate that two reference groups are genetically homogeneous (“++”), while p-values exceeding 0.01 are marked with “+”; (B) The qpAdm-inferred ancestry proportions for the Ewenki are presented. Two-way models support contributions from both northern and southern ancestry, with white error bars representing the standard error of each estimate. YRB: Yellow River Basin; ANA: Ancient Northeast Asian; WSH: Western Steppe Herders.