fig3

Figure 3. Extracellular Flux Measurements and ATP production. (A) Schematic representation of the pathways leading to ATP production. Created in BioRender.com; (B) Glucose is metabolized to lactic acid, CO₂ and H₂O. Glycolysis produces electrons (e^-), glycolytic ATP (ATP_glyc), and pyruvate. Pyruvate can be reduced to lactate + H⁺. The TCA cycle generates electrons, substrate-level oxidative ATP (part of ATP_oxid.), and CO₂. CO₂ hydration produces HCO₃^- and H⁺. Electron transport enables oxidative phosphorylation, generating the remaining ATP_oxid. and consuming O₂ to produce H₂O. Glyc: Glycolytic; Phosphor: phosphorylating; Mito: mitochondrial; Oxid: oxidized. Created in BioRender.com. ATP: adenosine triphosphate;