fig2

Figure 2. Overall mixture effects of 10 metals on AGD from BKMR stratified by sex. (A) Males: AGD-AP; (B) Females: AGD-AC. The solid line represents the estimated effect on the natural log-transformed AGD (95%CI). The dashed horizontal line at zero indicates no effect. The x-axis represents the quantile of the metal mixture, where 0.5 is the reference point (all metals fixed at their median concentrations). Values below 0.5 indicate joint decreases and values above 0.5 indicate joint increases in all metal concentrations. All models were adjusted for child’s age, maternal age, gestational age, PBMI, parity, maternal education and household income. Sample sizes: males n = 136; females n = 112. AGD: Anogenital distance; BKMR: Bayesian kernel machine regression; AGD-AP: anogenital distance (anus-penis) for males; AGD-AC: anogenital distance (anus-clitoris) for females; CI: confidence interval; PBMI: pre-pregnancy body mass index.