REFERENCES
1. Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025. Diabetes. Care. 2025, 48, S27-49.
2. International Diabetes Federation; Brussels, Belgium IDF Diabetes Atlas, 11th Ed. Available from: https://diabetesatlas.org (accessed on 2025-9-9).
3. Tuomi, T.; Santoro, N.; Caprio, S.; Cai, M.; Weng, J.; Groop, L. The many faces of diabetes: a disease with increasing heterogeneity. Lancet 2014, 383, 1084-94.
4. Lind, P. M.; Lind, L. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and risk of diabetes: an evidence-based review. Diabetologia 2018, 61, 1495-502.
5. Yang, A.; Tam, C. H. T.; Wong, K. K.; et al. Epidemic-specific association of maternal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their components with maternal glucose metabolism: a cross-sectional analysis in a birth cohort from Hong Kong. Sci. Total. Environ. 2024, 917, 170220.
6. Ma, J.; Li, Y.; Qian, L.; et al. Serum levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in early pregnancy and their associations with gestational diabetes mellitus. Chemosphere 2023, 339, 139640.
7. Peng, M. Q.; Dabelea, D.; Adgate, J. L.; et al. Associations of urinary biomarkers of phthalates, phenols, parabens, and organophosphate esters with glycemic traits in pregnancy: the healthy start study. Environ. Res. 2024, 262, 119810.
8. Soomro, M. H.; England-Mason, G.; Reardon, A. J. F.; et al.; APrON Study Team. Maternal exposure to bisphenols, phthalates, perfluoroalkyl acids, and trace elements and their associations with gestational diabetes mellitus in the APrON cohort. Reprod. Toxicol. 2024, 127, 108612.
9. Rahman, M. L.; Zhang, C.; Smarr, M. M.; et al. Persistent organic pollutants and gestational diabetes: a multi-center prospective cohort study of healthy US women. Environ. Int. 2019, 124, 249-58.
10. Peterson, A. K.; Zhu, Y.; Feng, J.; et al. Urinary concentrations of early and mid-pregnancy parabens and gestational diabetes: A nested case-control study within the PETALS cohort. Sci. Total. Environ. 2025, 974, 179253.
11. Pang, L.; Wei, H.; Wu, Y.; et al. Exposure to alkylphenols during early pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: fetal sex-specific effects. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2024, 287, 117270.
12. Murnyak, G.; Vandenberg, J.; Yaroschak, P. J.; Williams, L.; Prabhakaran, K.; Hinz, J. Emerging contaminants: presentations at the 2009 Toxicology and Risk Assessment Conference. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2011, 254, 167-9.
13. Puri, M.; Gandhi, K.; Kumar, M. S. Emerging environmental contaminants: a global perspective on policies and regulations. J. Environ. Manage. 2023, 332, 117344.
14. Niu, H.; Xu, M.; Tu, P.; et al. Emerging contaminants: an emerging risk factor for diabetes mellitus. Toxics 2024, 12, 47.
15. Ouda, M.; Kadadou, D.; Swaidan, B.; et al. Emerging contaminants in the water bodies of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): a critical review. Sci. Total. Environ. 2021, 754, 142177.
16. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls. Atlanta(GA): Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (US); 2021.
17. Gaines, L. G. T. Historical and current usage of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a literature review. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2023, 66, 353-78.
18. O’Hagan, D. Understanding organofluorine chemistry. an introduction to the C-F bond. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37, 308-19.
19. Domingo, J. L.; Nadal, M. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in food and human dietary intake: a review of the recent scientific literature. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2017, 65, 533-43.
20. Stein, C. R.; Wolff, M. S.; Calafat, A. M.; Kato, K.; Engel, S. M. Comparison of polyfluoroalkyl compound concentrations in maternal serum and amniotic fluid: a pilot study. Reprod. Toxicol. 2012, 34, 312-6.
21. Wang, Y.; Shi, Y.; Vestergren, R.; Zhou, Z.; Liang, Y.; Cai, Y. Using hair, nail and urine samples for human exposure assessment of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Sci. Total. Environ. 2018, 636, 383-91.
22. Domingo, J. L.; Nadal, M. Human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through drinking water: a review of the recent scientific literature. Environ. Res. 2019, 177, 108648.
23. Li, J.; Yao, J.; Xia, W.; et al. Association between exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and blood glucose in pregnant women. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 2020, 230, 113596.
24. Wang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Teng, Y.; et al. Association of serum levels of perfluoroalkyl substances with gestational diabetes mellitus and postpartum blood glucose. J. Environ. Sci. (China). 2018, 69, 5-11.
25. Xu, H.; Zhou, Q.; Zhang, J.; et al. Exposure to elevated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy is related to increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a nested case-control study in Shanghai, China. Environ. Int. 2020, 143, 105952.
26. Liu, X.; Zhang, L.; Chen, L.; et al. Identification and prioritization of the potent components for combined exposure of multiple persistent organic pollutants associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 409, 124905.
27. Xu, C.; Zhang, L.; Zhou, Q.; et al. Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances as a risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus through interference with glucose homeostasis. Sci. Total. Environ. 2022, 838, 156561.
28. Peterson, A. K.; Zhu, Y.; Fuller, S.; et al. PFAS concentrations in early and mid-pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in a nested case-control study within the ethnically and racially diverse PETALS cohort. BMC. Pregnancy. Childbirth. 2023, 23, 657.
29. Zang, L.; Liu, X.; Xie, X.; Zhou, X.; Pan, Y.; Dai, J. Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy, risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, potential pathways, and influencing factors in pregnant women: a nested case-control study. Environ. Pollut. 2023, 326, 121504.
30. Zhang, Y.; Chen, R.; Gao, Y.; et al. Human serum poly- and perfluoroalkyl substance concentrations and their associations with gestational diabetes mellitus. Environ. Pollut. 2023, 317, 120833.
31. Zhang, C.; Sundaram, R.; Maisog, J.; Calafat, A. M.; Barr, D. B.; Buck, Louis. G. M. A prospective study of prepregnancy serum concentrations of perfluorochemicals and the risk of gestational diabetes. Fertil. Steril. 2015, 103, 184-9.
32. Shapiro, G. D.; Dodds, L.; Arbuckle, T. E.; et al. Exposure to organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides, perfluoroalkyl substances, and polychlorinated biphenyls in pregnancy and the association with impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus: the MIREC study. Environ. Res. 2016, 147, 71-81.
33. Matilla-Santander, N.; Valvi, D.; Lopez-Espinosa, M. J.; et al. Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and metabolic outcomes in pregnant women: evidence from the Spanish INMA birth cohorts. Environ. Health. Perspect. 2017, 125, 117004.
34. Starling, A. P.; Adgate, J. L.; Hamman, R. F.; et al. Perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy and offspring weight and adiposity at birth: examining mediation by maternal fasting glucose in the healthy start study. Environ. Health. Perspect. 2017, 125, 067016.
35. Valvi, D.; Oulhote, Y.; Weihe, P.; et al. Gestational diabetes and offspring birth size at elevated environmental pollutant exposures. Environ. Int. 2017, 107, 205-15.
36. Jensen, R. C.; Glintborg, D.; Timmermann, C. A. G.; et al. Perfluoroalkyl substances and glycemic status in pregnant Danish women: the Odense child cohort. Environ. Int. 2018, 116, 101-7.
37. Wang, H.; Yang, J.; Du, H.; et al. Perfluoroalkyl substances, glucose homeostasis, and gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese pregnant women: a repeat measurement-based prospective study. Environ. Int. 2018, 114, 12-20.
38. Preston, E. V.; Rifas-Shiman, S. L.; Hivert, M. F.; et al. Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with glucose tolerance during pregnancy in project viva. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2020, 105, e2864-76.
39. Ren, Y.; Jin, L.; Yang, F.; et al. Concentrations of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and blood glucose in pregnant women. Environ. Health. 2020, 19, 88.
40. Mehta, S. S.; James-Todd, T.; Applebaum, K. M.; et al. Persistent organic pollutants and maternal glycemic outcomes in a diverse pregnancy cohort of overweight women. Environ. Res. 2021, 193, 110551.
41. Vuong, A. M.; Braun, J. M.; Sjödin, A.; et al. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and cardiometabolic indices during pregnancy: the HOME study. Environ. Int. 2021, 156, 106747.
42. Yu, G.; Jin, M.; Huang, Y.; et al.; Shanghai Birth Cohort Study. Environmental exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy, maternal glucose homeostasis and the risk of gestational diabetes: a prospective cohort study. Environ. Int. 2021, 156, 106621.
43. Wang, Z.; Luo, J.; Zhang, Y.; et al.; Shanghai Birth Cohort. High maternal glucose exacerbates the association between prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure and reduced birth weight. Sci. Total. Environ. 2023, 858, 160130.
44. Cinzori, M. E.; Pacyga, D. C.; Rosas, L.; et al. Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with maternal metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in early-to-mid-pregnancy. Environ. Res. 2024, 250, 118434.
45. Qin, W.; Ren, X.; Zhao, L.; Guo, L. Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate reduced cell viability and insulin release capacity of β cells. J. Environ. Sci. (China). 2022, 115, 162-72.
46. Zheng, F.; Sheng, N.; Zhang, H.; Yan, S.; Zhang, J.; Wang, J. Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure disturbs glucose metabolism in mouse liver. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2017, 335, 41-8.
47. Wan, H. T.; Zhao, Y. G.; Leung, P. Y.; Wong, C. K. Perinatal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate affects glucose metabolism in adult offspring. PLoS. One. 2014, 9, e87137.
48. Yu, G.; Wang, J.; Liu, Y.; et al. Metabolic perturbations in pregnant rats exposed to low-dose perfluorooctanesulfonic acid: an integrated multi-omics analysis. Environ. Int. 2023, 173, 107851.
49. Yu, G.; Luo, T.; Liu, Y.; et al. Multi-omics reveal disturbance of glucose homeostasis in pregnant rats exposed to short-chain perfluorobutanesulfonic acid. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2024, 278, 116402.
50. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Atlanta(GA): Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (US); 2000.
51. Liu, J.; Li, G.; Liu, J.; et al. Recent progress on toxicity and detection methods of polychlorinated biphenyls in environment and foodstuffs. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2023, 53, 928-53.
52. Us Epa, O. EPA Bans PCB Manufacture; Phases out Uses. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/archive/epa/aboutepa/epa-bans-pcb-manufacture-phases-out-uses.html (accessed on 2025-9-9).
53. Zhu, M.; Yuan, Y.; Yin, H.; et al. Environmental contamination and human exposure of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in China: a review. Sci. Total. Environ. 2022, 805, 150270.
54. Christensen, K.; Carlson, L. M.; Lehmann, G. M. The role of epidemiology studies in human health risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ. Res. 2021, 194, 110662.
55. Neblett, M. F. 2nd.; Curtis, S. W.; Gerkowicz, S. A.; et al. Examining reproductive health outcomes in females exposed to polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated biphenyl. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 3314.
56. Zhang, L.; Liu, X.; Meng, G.; et al. Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in early pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Environ. Int. 2018, 115, 127-32.
57. Eslami, B.; Naddafi, K.; Rastkari, N.; Rashidi, B. H.; Djazayeri, A.; Malekafzali, H. Association between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and gestational diabetes mellitus in primiparous women. Environ. Res. 2016, 151, 706-12.
58. Jaacks, L. M.; Barr, D. B.; Sundaram, R.; Maisog, J. M.; Zhang, C.; Buck, Louis. G. M. Pre-pregnancy maternal exposure to polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls and gestational diabetes: a prospective cohort study. Environ. Health. 2016, 15, 11.
59. Vafeiadi, M.; Roumeliotaki, T.; Chalkiadaki, G.; et al. Persistent organic pollutants in early pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Environ. Int. 2017, 98, 89-95.
60. Caron, A.; Ahmed, F.; Peshdary, V.; Garneau, L.; Atlas, E.; Aguer, C. Effects of PCB126 on adipose-to-muscle communication in an in vitro model. Environ. Health. Perspect. 2020, 128, 107002.
61. Rice, B. B.; Sammons, K. W.; Ngo, Tenlep. S. Y.; et al. Exposure to PCB126 during the nursing period reversibly impacts early-life glucose tolerance. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2023, 14, 1085958.
62. Mariana, M.; Feiteiro, J.; Verde, I.; Cairrao, E. The effects of phthalates in the cardiovascular and reproductive systems: a review. Environ. Int. 2016, 94, 758-76.
63. Mariana, M.; Cairrao, E. The relationship between phthalates and diabetes: a review. Metabolites 2023, 13, 746.
64. Geyer, R.; Jambeck, J. R.; Law, K. L. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1700782.
65. Chang, W. H.; Herianto, S.; Lee, C. C.; Hung, H.; Chen, H. L. The effects of phthalate ester exposure on human health: A review. Sci. Total. Environ. 2021, 786, 147371.
66. Robledo, C. A.; Peck, J. D.; Stoner, J.; et al. Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and blood glucose levels during pregnancy. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 2015, 218, 324-30.
67. Shapiro, G. D.; Dodds, L.; Arbuckle, T. E.; et al. Exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A and metals in pregnancy and the association with impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus: the MIREC study. Environ. Int. 2015, 83, 63-71.
68. James-Todd, T. M.; Meeker, J. D.; Huang, T.; et al. Pregnancy urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and gestational diabetes risk factors. Environ. Int. 2016, 96, 118-26.
69. James-Todd, T. M.; Chiu, Y. H.; Messerlian, C.; et al.; EARTH Study Team. Trimester-specific phthalate concentrations and glucose levels among women from a fertility clinic. Environ. Health. 2018, 17, 55.
70. Shaffer, R. M.; Ferguson, K. K.; Sheppard, L.; et al.; TIDES Study team. Maternal urinary phthalate metabolites in relation to gestational diabetes and glucose intolerance during pregnancy. Environ. Int. 2019, 123, 588-96.
71. Guo, J.; Wu, M.; Gao, X.; et al. Meconium exposure to phthalates, sex and thyroid hormones, birth size and pregnancy outcomes in 251 mother-infant Pairs from Shanghai. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 2020, 17, 7711.
72. Gao, H.; Zhu, B. B.; Huang, K.; et al. Effects of single and combined gestational phthalate exposure on blood pressure, blood glucose and gestational weight gain: a longitudinal analysis. Environ. Int. 2021, 155, 106677.
73. Zukin, H.; Eskenazi, B.; Holland, N.; Harley, K. G. Prenatal exposure to phthalates and maternal metabolic outcomes in a high-risk pregnant Latina population. Environ. Res. 2021, 194, 110712.
74. James-Todd, T.; Ponzano, M.; Bellavia, A.; et al. Urinary phthalate and DINCH metabolite concentrations and gradations of maternal glucose intolerance. Environ. Int. 2022, 161, 107099.
75. Liang, Q. X.; Lin, Y.; Fang, X. M.; Gao, Y. H.; Li, F. Association between phthalate exposure in pregnancy and gestational diabetes: a Chinese cross-sectional study. Int. J. Gen. Med. 2022, 15, 179-89.
76. Wang, H.; Chen, R.; Gao, Y.; et al. Serum concentrations of phthalate metabolites in pregnant women and their association with gestational diabetes mellitus and blood glucose levels. Sci. Total. Environ. 2023, 857, 159570.
77. Guo, M.; Fang, Y.; Peng, M.; et al. Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalate acid esters and gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 2024, 261, 114419.
78. Chen, M.; Zhao, S.; Guo, W. H.; et al. Maternal exposure to Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) aggravate gestational diabetes mellitus via FoxM1 suppression by pSTAT1 signalling. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2020, 205, 111154.
79. Michałowicz, J. Bisphenol A--sources, toxicity and biotransformation. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2014, 37, 738-58.
80. Sadrabad E, Hashemi SA, Nadjarzadeh A, Askari E, Akrami Mohajeri F, Ramroudi F. Bisphenol A release from food and beverage containers - a review. Food. Sci. Nutr. 2023, 11, 3718-28.
81. Ehrlich, S.; Lambers, D.; Baccarelli, A.; Khoury, J.; Macaluso, M.; Ho, S. M. Endocrine disruptors: a potential risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Perinatol. 2016, 33, 1313-8.
82. Rahmani, S.; Pour, Khalili. N.; Khan, F.; Hassani, S.; Ghafour-Boroujerdi, E.; Abdollahi, M. Bisphenol A: what lies beneath its induced diabetes and the epigenetic modulation? Life. Sci. 2018, 214, 136-44.
83. Buckley, J. P.; Kim, H.; Wong, E.; Rebholz, C. M. Ultra-processed food consumption and exposure to phthalates and bisphenols in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2014. Environ. Int. 2019, 131, 105057.
84. Hou, Y.; Li, S.; Xia, L.; et al. Associations of urinary phenolic environmental estrogens exposure with blood glucose levels and gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese pregnant women. Sci. Total. Environ. 2021, 754, 142085.
85. Zhu, Y.; Hedderson, M. M.; Calafat, A. M.; et al. Urinary phenols in early to midpregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal study in a multiracial cohort. Diabetes 2022, 71, 2539-51.
86. Robledo, C.; Peck, J. D.; Stoner, J. A.; et al. Is bisphenol-A exposure during pregnancy associated with blood glucose levels or diagnosis of gestational diabetes? J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. A. 2013, 76, 865-73.
87. Chiu, Y. H.; Mínguez-Alarcón, L.; Ford, J. B.; et al.; for EARTH Study Team. Trimester-specific urinary bisphenol A concentrations and blood glucose levels among pregnant women from a fertility clinic. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2017, 102, 1350-7.
88. Wang, X.; Wang, X.; Chen, Q.; et al. Urinary bisphenol a concentration and gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese women. Epidemiology 2017, 28 Suppl 1, S41-7.
89. Bellavia, A.; Cantonwine, D. E.; Meeker, J. D.; et al. Pregnancy urinary bisphenol-A concentrations and glucose levels across BMI categories. Environ. Int. 2018, 113, 35-41.
90. Fisher, B. G.; Frederiksen, H.; Andersson, A. M.; et al. Serum phthalate and triclosan levels have opposing associations with risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2018, 9, 99.
91. Zhang, W.; Xia, W.; Liu, W.; et al. Exposure to bisphenol a substitutes and gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study in China. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2019, 10, 262.
92. Chen, W. J.; Robledo, C.; Davis, E. M.; et al. Assessing urinary phenol and paraben mixtures in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. Environ. Res. 2022, 214, 113897.
93. Akash, M. S. H.; Sabir, S.; Rehman, K. Bisphenol A-induced metabolic disorders: from exposure to mechanism of action. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2020, 77, 103373.
94. Alonso-Magdalena, P.; García-Arévalo, M.; Quesada, I.; Nadal, Á. Bisphenol-A treatment during pregnancy in mice: a new window of susceptibility for the development of diabetes in mothers later in life. Endocrinology 2015, 156, 1659-70.
95. Rochester, J. R.; Bolden, A. L. Bisphenol S and F: A systematic review and comparison of the hormonal activity of bisphenol a substitutes. Environ. Health. Perspect. 2015, 123, 643-50.
96. Kahn, L. G.; Philippat, C.; Nakayama, S. F.; Slama, R.; Trasande, L. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: implications for human health. Lancet. Diabetes. Endocrinol. 2020, 8, 703-18.
97. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for DDT, DDE, and DDD. Atlanta(GA): Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (US); 2022.
98. Guo, W.; Pan, B.; Sakkiah, S.; et al. Persistent organic pollutants in food: contamination sources, health effects and detection methods. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 2019, 16, 4361.
99. Keswani, C.; Dilnashin, H.; Birla, H.; et al. Global footprints of organochlorine pesticides: a pan-global survey. Environ. Geochem. Health. 2022, 44, 149-77.
100. Saunders, L.; Kadhel, P.; Costet, N.; et al. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus among French Caribbean women chronically exposed to chlordecone. Environ. Int. 2014, 68, 171-6.
101. Smarr, M. M.; Grantz, K. L.; Zhang, C.; et al. Persistent organic pollutants and pregnancy complications. Sci. Total. Environ. 2016, 551-552, 285-91.
103. Fransway, A. F.; Fransway, P. J.; Belsito, D. V.; Yiannias, J. A. Paraben toxicology. Dermatitis 2019, 30, 32-45.
104. Soni, M. G.; Burdock, G. A.; Taylor, S. L.; Greenberg, N. A. Safety assessment of propyl paraben: a review of the published literature. Food. Chem. Toxicol. 2001, 39, 513-32.
105. Darbre, P. D.; Harvey, P. W. Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2008, 28, 561-78.
106. Bellavia, A.; Chiu, Y. H.; Brown, F. M.; et al.; EARTH Study Team. Urinary concentrations of parabens mixture and pregnancy glucose levels among women from a fertility clinic. Environ. Res. 2019, 168, 389-96.
107. Li, Y.; Xu, S.; Li, Y.; et al. Association between urinary parabens and gestational diabetes mellitus across prepregnancy body mass index categories. Environ. Res. 2019, 170, 151-9.
108. Liu, W.; Zhou, Y.; Li, J.; et al. Parabens exposure in early pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus. Environ. Int. 2019, 126, 468-75.
109. Bergé, A.; Cladière, M.; Gasperi, J.; Coursimault, A.; Tassin, B.; Moilleron, R. Meta-analysis of environmental contamination by alkylphenols. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2012, 19, 3798-819.
110. Ying, G. G.; Williams, B.; Kookana, R. Environmental fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates--a review. Environ. Int. 2002, 28, 215-26.
111. Kovarova, J.; Blahova, J.; Divisova, L.; Svobodova, Z. Alkylphenol ethoxylates and alkylphenols--update information on occurrence, fate and toxicity in aquatic environment. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 2013, 16, 763-72.
112. Kang, H. S.; Yang, H.; Ahn, C.; Kang, H. Y.; Hong, E. J.; Jaung, E. B. Effects of xenoestrogens on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2014, 65, 273-82.
113. Yang, J.; Yu, J.; Wang, P.; et al. The adverse effects of perinatal exposure to nonylphenol on carbohydrate metabolism in male offspring rats. Int. J. Environ. Health. Res. 2017, 27, 368-76.
114. Zhou, B. Adverse outcome pathway: framework, application, and challenges in chemical risk assessment. J. Environ. Sci. (China). 2015, 35, 191-3.
115. Hong, Y.; Wang, D.; Lin, Y.; et al. Environmental triggers and future risk of developing autoimmune diseases: Molecular mechanism and network toxicology analysis of bisphenol A. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2024, 288, 117352.
116. Ali, N.; Katsouli, J.; Marczylo, E. L.; Gant, T. W.; Wright, S.; Bernardino, de. la. Serna. J. The potential impacts of micro-and-nano plastics on various organ systems in humans. EBioMedicine 2024, 99, 104901.
117. Hsiao, H. Y.; Nien, C. Y.; Shiu, R. F.; Chin, W. C.; Yen, T. H. Microplastic and nanoplastic exposure and risk of diabetes mellitus. World. J. Clin. Cases. 2025, 13, 98110.
118. Huang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Long, J.; et al. Polystyrene microplastic exposure induces insulin resistance in mice via dysbacteriosis and pro-inflammation. Sci. Total. Environ. 2022, 838, 155937.
119. Rafa, N.; Ahmed, B.; Zohora, F.; et al. Microplastics as carriers of toxic pollutants: Source, transport, and toxicological effects. Environ. Pollut. 2024, 343, 123190.
120. Liu, N.; Jin, X.; Feng, C.; et al. Ecological risk assessment of fifty pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in Chinese surface waters: a proposed multiple-level system. Environ. Int. 2020, 136, 105454.
121. Preston, E. V.; Lytel-Sternberg, J.; Quinn, M. R.; et al.; Environmental Reproductive and Glucose Outcomes (ERGO) Study. Associations of personal care product use during pregnancy and the postpartum period with markers of postpartum glycemic control - Results from the ERGO Study. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 2025, 266, 114569.