REFERENCES

1. Feigin VL, Stark BA, Johnson CO, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20:795-820.

2. Feigin VL, Abate MD, Abate YH, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23:973-1003.

3. Tu W, Wang L, Yan F, et al. China stroke surveillance report 2021. Military Med Res. 2023;10:33.

4. Tu W, Zhao Z, Yin P, et al. Estimated burden of stroke in China in 2020. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6:e231455.

5. Pandian JD, Gall SL, Kate MP, et al. Prevention of stroke: a global perspective. Lancet. 2018;392:1269-78.

6. Hill MA, Yang Y, Zhang L, et al. Insulin resistance, cardiovascular stiffening and cardiovascular disease. Metabolism. 2021;119:154766.

7. Balakumar P, Maung-U K, Jagadeesh G. Prevalence and prevention of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Pharmacol Res. 2016;113:600-9.

8. Kernan WN, Inzucchi SE, Viscoli CM, et al. Impaired insulin sensitivity among nondiabetic patients with a recent TIA or ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2003;60:1447-51.

9. Ding P, Zhang H, Wang J, et al. Insulin resistance in ischemic stroke: mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:1092431.

10. Chen Y, Zheng L, Zhou Y, Hou Y, Zhou Y, Shen H. The role of cardiovascular disease in the association between estimated glucose disposal rate and chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep. 2025;15:16034.

11. Huo G, Yao Z, Yang X, Wu G, Chen L, Zhou D. Association between estimated glucose disposal rate and stroke in middle-aged and older chinese adults: a nationwide prospective cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14:e039152.

12. Liao J, Wang L, Duan L, et al. Association between estimated glucose disposal rate and cardiovascular diseases in patients with diabetes or prediabetes: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24:13.

13. Peng J, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, et al. Estimated glucose disposal rate for predicting cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med. 2024;22:411.

14. Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Lowe G, et al. C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:132-40.

15. Rolver MG, Emanuelsson F, Nordestgaard BG, Benn M. C-reactive protein and prospective cardiometabolic risk: observational and Mendelian randomization study of ischemic stroke and all-cause death. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;25:11.

16. Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, Jablonski KA, et al. Prognostic significance of the Centers for Disease Control/American Heart Association high-sensitivity c-reactive protein cut points for cardiovascular and other outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2007;115:1528-36.

17. Shahid R, Chu LM, Arnason T, Pahwa P. Association between insulin resistance and the inflammatory marker c-reactive protein in a representative healthy adult Canadian population: results from the Canadian health measures survey. Can J Diabetes. 2023;47:428-34.

18. Chen X, Crimmins E, Hu P, et al. Venous blood-based biomarkers in the China health and retirement longitudinal study: rationale, design, and results from the 2015 wave. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188:1871-7.

19. of Medical Administration, National Health Commission of the People′s Republic of China. Guideline for diagnosis and treatment of obesity (2024 edition). Chin J Dig Surg. 2024;23:1237-60.

20. Mcevoy JW, Mccarthy CP, Bruno RM, et al. 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2024;45:3912-4018.

21. Kursa MB, Rudnicki WR. Feature selection with the Boruta package. J Stat Soft. 2010;36:1-13.

22. Vanderweele TJ, Ding P. Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E-value. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167:268-74.

23. Alba AC, Agoritsas T, Walsh M, et al. Discrimination and calibration of clinical prediction models: users’ guides to the medical literature. JAMA. 2017;318:1377.

24. Vanderweele TJ. Mediation analysis: a practitioner's guide. Annu Rev Public Health. 2016;37:17-32.

25. Zabala A, Darsalia V, Lind M, et al. Estimated glucose disposal rate and risk of stroke and mortality in type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20:202.

26. Lu Z, Xiong Y, Feng X, et al. Insulin resistance estimated by estimated glucose disposal rate predicts outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22:225.

27. Han Y, Zhang K, Luo Y, et al. Relationship between stroke and estimated glucose disposal rate: results from two prospective cohort studies. Lipids Health Dis. 2024;23:392.

28. Huang X, Dong P, Xu Y, et al. Associations of estimated glucose disposal rate with stroke risk and poststroke adverse outcomes: a prospective cohort study. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2025;31:e70420.

29. Zhou Y, Han W, Gong D, Man C, Fan Y. Hs-CRP in stroke: a meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta. 2016;453:21-7.

30. Chen L, Wang M, Yang C, Wang Y, Hou B. The role of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein serum levels in the prognosis for patients with stroke: a meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1199814.

31. Gao Y, Duan Z, Li J, et al. Combined effect of chronic inflammation and insulin resistance on stroke: a cohort study and mediation analysis. Eur J Med Res. 2025;30:1056.

32. Cui C, Liu L, Qi Y, et al. Joint association of TyG index and high sensitivity C-reactive protein with cardiovascular disease: a national cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:156.

33. Xu L, Ma J, Xu Y. The effects of estimated glucose disposal rate and high sensitivity C-reactive protein on risk of incident cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Lipids Health Dis. 2025;24:234.

34. Matsumoto K, Fujita N, Ozaki M, Tominaga T, Ueki Y, Miyake S. Coexistence of insulin resistance and inflammation effectively predicts cardiac disease but not stroke in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006;74:316-21.

35. Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB. Inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Investig. 2006;116:1793-801.

36. Xi L, Xiao C, Bandsma RH, Naples M, Adeli K, Lewis GF. C-reactive protein impairs hepatic insulin sensitivity and insulin signaling in rats: role of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Hepatology. 2011;53:127-35.

37. Lawler PR, Bhatt DL, Godoy LC, et al. Targeting cardiovascular inflammation: next steps in clinical translation. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:113-31.

38. Yan Y, Li S, Liu Y, et al. Temporal relationship between inflammation and insulin resistance and their joint effect on hyperglycemia: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18:109.

39. Ridker PM. A test in context: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:712-23.

40. Segura B, Jurado MÁ, Freixenet N, Bargalló N, Junqué C, Arboix A. White matter fractional anisotropy is related to processing speed in metabolic syndrome patients: a case-control study. BMC Neurol. 2010;10:64.

41. Gasull T, Arboix A. Molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of acute stroke: emphasis on biomarkers in the different stroke subtypes. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:9476.