REFERENCES
1. Khan MS, Shahid I, Bennis A, Rakisheva A, Metra M, Butler J. Global epidemiology of heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2024;21:717-34.
2. Bui AL, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC. Epidemiology and risk profile of heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011;8:30-41.
3. Yan T, Zhu S, Yin X, et al. Burden, trends, and inequalities of heart failure globally, 1990 to 2019: a secondary analysis based on the global burden of disease 2019 study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12:e027852.
4. Feng J, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Epidemiology and burden of heart failure in Asia. JACC Asia. 2024;4:249-64.
5. Savarese G, Becher PM, Lund LH, Seferovic P, Rosano GMC, Coats AJS. Global burden of heart failure: a comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology. Cardiovasc Res. 2023;118:3272-87.
6. 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396:1204-22.
7. Hollenberg SM, Stevenson LW, Ahmad T, et al. 2024 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on clinical assessment, management, and trajectory of patients hospitalized with heart failure focused update: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;84:1241-67.
8. Garg R, Yusuf S, Bussmann WD, et al. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. JAMA. 1995;273:1450-6.
9. Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group. Circulation. 1999;100:2312-8.
10. MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: metoprolol CR/XL randomised intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353:2001-7.
11. Hjalmarson A, Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, et al. Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: the Metoprolol CR/XL randomized intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). MERIT-HF Study Group. JAMA. 2000;283:1295-302.
12. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709-17.
13. Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:11-21.
14. McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1995-2008.
15. McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:993-1004.
16. Bassi NS, Ziaeian B, Yancy CW, Fonarow GC. Association of optimal implementation of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor therapy with outcome for patients with heart failure. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:948-51.
17. Biegus J, Voors AA, Collins SP, et al. Impact of empagliflozin on decongestion in acute heart failure: the EMPULSE trial. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:41-50.
18. Velazquez EJ, Morrow DA, DeVore AD, et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:539-48.
19. Greene SJ, Butler J, Albert NM, et al. Medical therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the CHAMP-HF registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:351-66.
20. Pierce JB, Vaduganathan M, Fonarow GC, et al. Contemporary use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor therapy among patients hospitalized for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in the US: the get with the guidelines-heart failure registry. JAMA Cardiol. 2023;8:652-61.
21. Prins KW, Neill JM, Tyler JO, Eckman PM, Duval S. Effects of beta-blocker withdrawal in acute decompensated heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Heart Fail. 2015;3:647-53.
22. Tran RH, Aldemerdash A, Chang P, et al. Guideline-directed medical therapy and survival following hospitalization in patients with heart failure. Pharmacotherapy. 2018;38:406-16.
23. Bhagat AA, Greene SJ, Vaduganathan M, Fonarow GC, Butler J. Initiation, continuation, switching, and withdrawal of heart failure medical therapies during hospitalization. JACC Heart Fail. 2019;7:1-12.
24. Gilstrap LG, Fonarow GC, Desai AS, et al. Initiation, continuation, or withdrawal of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers and outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017:6.
25. Fonarow GC, Abraham WT, Albert NM, et al. Influence of beta-blocker continuation or withdrawal on outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure: findings from the OPTIMIZE-HF program. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:190-9.
26. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022;24:4-131.
27. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145:e895-e1032.
28. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2023 focused update of the 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2024;26:5-17.
29. Berg DD, Samsky MD, Velazquez EJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan in high-risk patients in the PIONEER-HF trial. Circ Heart Fail. 2021;14:e007034.
30. Mebazaa A, Davison B, Chioncel O, et al. Safety, tolerability and efficacy of up-titration of guideline-directed medical therapies for acute heart failure (STRONG-HF): a multinational, open-label, randomised, trial. Lancet. 2022;400:1938-52.
31. Johnson AEW, Bulgarelli L, Shen L, et al. MIMIC-IV, a freely accessible electronic health record dataset. Sci Data. 2023;10:1.
32. Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, et al. The SOFA (sepsis-related organ failure assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the working group on sepsis-related problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22:707-10.
33. Le Gall JR, Klar J, Lemeshow S, et al. The logistic organ dysfunction system. A new way to assess organ dysfunction in the intensive care unit. ICU Scoring Group. JAMA. 1996;276:802-10.
34. Austin PC, White IR, Lee DS, van Buuren S. Missing data in clinical research: a tutorial on multiple imputation. Can J Cardiol. 2021;37:1322-31.
35. Roshani D, Ghaderi E. Comparing smoothing techniques for fitting the nonlinear effect of covariate in Cox models. Acta Inform Med. 2016;24:38-41.
36. Joseph S, Panniyammakal J, Abdullakutty J, et al. The Cardiology Society of India-Kerala Acute Heart Failure Registry: poor adherence to guideline-directed medical therapy. Eur Heart J. ;2021:ehab793.
37. Cotter G, Deniau B, Davison B, et al. Optimization of evidence-based heart failure medications after an acute heart failure admission: a secondary analysis of the STRONG-HF randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2024;9:114-24.
38. Pagnesi M, Vilamajó OAG, Meiriño A, et al. Blood pressure and intensive treatment up-titration after acute heart failure hospitalization: insights from the STRONG-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2024;26:638-51.
39. Shoji S, Kaltenbach L, Granger BB, et al. Guideline-directed medical therapy after hospitalization for acute heart failure: insights from the CONNECT-HF. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024;13:e036998.
40. Zheng J, Sandhu AT, Bhatt AS, et al. Inpatient use of guideline-directed medical therapy during heart failure hospitalizations among community-based health systems. JACC Heart Fail. 2025;13:43-54.
41. Farmakis D, Davison B, Fountoulaki K, et al. Rapid uptitration of guideline-directed medical therapies in acute heart failure with and without atrial fibrillation. JACC Heart Fail. 2024;12:1845-58.
42. Ter Maaten JM, Mebazaa A, Davison B, et al. Early changes in renal function during rapid up-titration of guideline-directed medical therapy following an admission for acute heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2023;25:2230-42.
43. Yang Z, Gong H, Kan F, Ji N. Association between the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and the risk of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with heart failure: analysis of the MIMIC-IV database. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22:232.





