REFERENCES
1. Ammirati E, Veronese G, Bottiroli M, et al. Update on acute myocarditis. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2021;31:370-9.
2. Jiang J, Shu H, Wang DW, et al. Chinese Society of Cardiology guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of adult fulminant myocarditis. Sci China Life Sci. 2024;67:913-39.
3. Li H, Chen X, Wang JJ, et al. Spatiotemporal transcriptomics elucidates the pathogenesis of fulminant viral myocarditis. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 2025;10:59.
4. Schulz-Menger J, Collini V, Gröschel J, et al. 2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of myocarditis and pericarditis. Eur Heart J. 2025;46:3952-4041.
5. Kanaoka K, Onoue K, Terasaki S, et al. Features and outcomes of histologically proven myocarditis with fulminant presentation. Circulation. 2022;146:1425-33.
6. Naidu SS, Baran DA, Jentzer JC, et al. SCAI SHOCK stage classification expert consensus update: a review and incorporation of validation studies: This statement was endorsed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), American Heart Association (AHA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Association for Acute Cardiovascular Care (ACVC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) in December 2021. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79:933-46.
7. Caforio ALP, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, et al. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2636-48.
8. Ammirati E, Cipriani M, Lilliu M, et al. Survival and left ventricular function changes in fulminant versus nonfulminant acute myocarditis. Circulation. 2017;136:529-45.
9. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:2231-64.
10. Tamis-Holland JE, Jneid H, Reynolds HR, et al. Contemporary diagnosis and management of patients with myocardial infarction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139:e891-908.
11. Kanaoka K, Onoue K, Terasaki S, et al. Changes in cardiac function following fulminant myocarditis. Circ Heart Fail. 2024;17:e010840.
12. Kociol RD, Cooper LT, Fang JC, et al. Recognition and initial management of fulminant myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141:e69-92.
13. Huang F, Ammirati E, Ponnaiah M, et al. Fulminant myocarditis proven by early biopsy and outcomes. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:5110-24.
14. Di Fusco SA, Lucà F, Madeo A, et al. Left ventricular noncompaction: diagnostic approach, prognostic evaluation, and management strategies. Cardiol Rev. 2020;28:125-34.
15. Liang C, Liu H, Cao Z, et al. Successful treatment of massive biventricular thrombi associated with myocarditis: a case report. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2025;12:1530548.
16. Wen J, Li H, Zhou Y, et al. Immunoglobin attenuates fulminant myocarditis by inhibiting overactivated innate immune response. Br J Pharmacol. 2024;182:4984-5003.
17. Xuan Y, Gao X, Wang J, et al. Hydroxychloroquine cures autoimmune myocarditis by inhibiting the innate immune system via the C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 16 and C‐X‐C motif receptor 6 axis between macrophages and T cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2025;182:3649-68.
18. Shioji K, Kishimoto C, Sasayama S. Fc Receptor-Mediated inhibitory effect of immunoglobulin therapy on autoimmune giant cell myocarditis: concomitant suppression of the expression of dendritic cells. Circ Res. 2001;89:540-6.
19. Vishram-Nielsen JKK, Foroutan F, Rizwan S, et al. Patients with fulminant myocarditis supported with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of short-term mortality and impact of risk factors. Heart Fail Rev. 2022;28:347-57.
20. Van Den Brink F, Zivelonghi C, Vossenberg T, et al. VA-ECMO with IABP is associated with better outcome than VA-ECMO alone in the treatment of cardiogenic shock in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. J Invasive Cardiol. 2020;141:e69-92.
21. Yang XT, Chen YJ, Zeng H, et al. Successful treatment of large left ventricular thrombosis during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): a case report and review of the literature. Clin Case Rep. 2025;13:e70123.
22. Di Odoardo LAF, Bianco M, Gil IJN, et al. Left ventricular thrombus management after acute myocardial infarction in clinical practice: results from LEVITATION survey and narrative review. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2022;38:483-92.
23. Tatewaki H, Hirata Y, Tanoue Y, Shiose A. Pediatric biventricular assist device for myocarditis and complicated left ventricular thrombus. Ann Thorac Surg. 2019;107:e307-8.




