REFERENCES
1. Naghavi M, Ong KL, Aali A, et al. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403:2100-32.
2. Nambiar L, Lewinter MM, Vanburen PC, Dauerman HL. Decade-long temporal trends in U.S. Hypertension-related cardiovascular mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:2644-6.
3. Fuchs FD, Whelton PK. High blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension. 2020;75:285-92.
4. Carlström M, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO. Nitric oxide signaling and regulation in the cardiovascular system: recent advances. Pharmacol Rev. 2024;76:1038-62.
5. Lundberg JO, Carlström M, Weitzberg E. Metabolic effects of dietary nitrate in health and disease. Cell Metab. 2018;28:9-22.
6. Li D, Nishi S, Jovanovski E, et al. Repeated administration of inorganic nitrate on blood pressure and arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2020;38:2122-40.
7. Bondonno CP, Dalgaard F, Blekkenhorst LC, et al. Vegetable nitrate intake, blood pressure and incident cardiovascular disease: danish diet, cancer, and health study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021;36:813-25.
8. Tan L, Stagg L, Hanlon E, et al. Associations between vegetable nitrate intake and cardiovascular disease risk and mortality: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2024;16:1511.
9. Bondonno CP, Blekkenhorst LC, Prince RL, et al. Association of vegetable nitrate intake with carotid atherosclerosis and ischemic cerebrovascular disease in older women. Stroke. 2017;48:1724-9.
10. Jiang W, Zhang J, Yang R, et al. Association of urinary nitrate with diabetes complication and disease-specific mortality among adults with hyperglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108:1318-29.
11. Casey DP, Bock JM. Inorganic nitrate supplementation attenuates conduit artery retrograde and oscillatory shear in older adults. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2021;320:H991-8.
12. Bondonno NP, Pokharel P, Bondonno CP, et al. Source-specific nitrate intake and all-cause mortality in the Danish diet, cancer, and health study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2024;39:925-42.
13. Mendy A. Association of urinary nitrate with lower prevalence of hypertension and stroke and with reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality. Circulation. 2018;137:2295-7.
14. Zhao W, Chen Y, Wang K, et al. Association of urinary nitrate with blood pressure, prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive population. Research Square 2024.
15. National Center for Health Statistics. About the national health and nutrition examination survey. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.html [Last accessed on 25 May 2026].
16. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory procedure manual. Available from: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/public/2019/manuals/2020-MEC-Laboratory-Procedures-Manual-508.pdf [Last accessed on 25 May 2026].
17. National Center for Health Statistics. Office of analysis and epidemiology, public-use linked mortality file. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/linked-data/mortality-files/index.html [Last accessed on 25 May 2026].
18. Capper TE, Siervo M, Clifford T, et al. Pharmacokinetic profile of incremental oral doses of dietary nitrate in young and older adults: a crossover randomized clinical trial. J Nutr. 2022;152:130-9.
19. Benjamim CJR, Porto AA, Valenti VE, et al. Nitrate derived from beetroot juice lowers blood pressure in patients with arterial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr. 2022;9:823039.
20. He Y, Liu J, Cai H, et al. Effect of inorganic nitrate supplementation on blood pressure in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nitric Oxide. 2021;113-114:13-22.
21. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P. Arterial stiffness and hypertension in the elderly. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:544302.
22. Jones AM, Vanhatalo A, Seals DR, Rossman MJ, Piknova B, Jonvik KL. Dietary nitrate and nitric oxide metabolism: mouth, circulation, skeletal muscle, and exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2021;53:280-94.
24. Zamani P, Rawat D, Shiva-kumar P, et al. Effect of inorganic nitrate on exercise capacity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circulation. 2015;131:371-80.
25. Siervo M, Lara J, Ogbonmwan I, Mathers JC. Inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice supplementation reduces blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr. 2013;143:818-26.
26. Carlstrom M, Montenegro MF. Therapeutic value of stimulating the nitrate‐nitrite‐nitric oxide pathway to attenuate oxidative stress and restore nitric oxide bioavailability in cardiorenal disease. J Intern Med. 2018;285:2-18.
27. Gao X, Yang T, Liu M, et al. NADPH oxidase in the renal microvasculature is a primary target for blood pressure-lowering effects by inorganic nitrate and nitrite. Hypertension. 2015;65:161-70.
28. Wu Z, Tian T, Ma W, Gao W, Song N. Higher urinary nitrate was associated with lower prevalence of congestive heart failure: results from NHANES. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2020;20:498.
29. Gilchrist M, Shore AC, Benjamin N. Inorganic nitrate and nitrite and control of blood pressure. Cardiovasc Res. 2011;89:492-8.
30. Shimari M, Picozzi G, Boeder A, et al. Dietary nitrate prevents cardiac dysfunction in HFrEF by improving hemodynamics, ameliorating remodeling, and resolving inflammation. Acta Physiol. 2025;241:e70115.
31. Larsen FJ, Schiffer TA, Borniquel S, et al. Dietary inorganic nitrate improves mitochondrial efficiency in humans. Cell Metab. 2011;13:149-59.
32. Radi R. Oxygen radicals, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite: redox pathways in molecular medicine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2018;115:5839-48.
33. Liao GZ, He CH, Zhang YH, Zhang J. Addressing the “nitric oxide crisis” in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: therapeutic potential of the inorganic nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. Obes Rev. 2025;27:e70021.
34. Rossman MJ, Gioscia-ryan RA, Santos-parker JR, et al. Inorganic nitrite supplementation improves endothelial function with aging: translational evidence for suppression of mitochondria-derived oxidative stress. Hypertension. 2021;77:1212-22.
35. Bryan NS, Ahmed S, Lefer DJ, Hord N, Von Schwarz ER. Dietary nitrate biochemistry and physiology. An update on clinical benefits and mechanisms of action. Nitric Oxide. 2023;132:1-7.
37. Fejes R, Pilat N, Lutnik M, et al. Effects of increased nitrate intake from beetroot juice on blood markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in older adults with hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med. 2024;222:519-30.
38. Sies H, Jones DP. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020;21:363-83.
39. Lanzer P, Schurgers L, Twarda-clapa A, et al. Medial arterial calcification in ageing and disease: current evidence and knowledge gaps. Eur Heart J. 2025;46:4876-900.
40. Durham AL, Speer MY, Scatena M, Giachelli CM, Shanahan CM. Role of smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification: implications in atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness. Cardiovasc Res. 2018;114:590-600.
41. Carlström M. Nitric oxide signalling in kidney regulation and cardiometabolic health. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17:575-90.
42. Berends JE, Van Den Berg LM, Guggeis MA, et al. Consumption of nitrate-rich beetroot juice with or without vitamin C supplementation increases the excretion of urinary nitrate, nitrite, and N-nitroso compounds in humans. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:2277.
43. Sundqvist ML, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Carlström M. Renal handling of nitrate in women and men with elevated blood pressure. Acta Physiol. 2021;232:e13637.





