REFERENCES
1. Mensah GA, Fuster V, Murray CJL, Roth GA; Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks Collaborators. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risks, 1990-2022. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82:2350-473.
2. Zhang Y, Desai N, Connolly D. The use of apabetalone in reducing cardiovascular outcomes, based on the current evidence and trials. Eur Cardiol. 2025;20:e04.
3. Desiderio A, Pastorino M, Campitelli M, et al. DNA methylation in cardiovascular disease and heart failure: novel prediction models? Clin Epigenet. 2024;16:115.
4. Ardiana M, Fadila AN, Zuhra Z, Kusuma NM, Surya Erlangga Rurus ME, Oceandy D. Non-coding RNA therapeutics in cardiovascular diseases and risk factors: systematic review. Noncoding RNA Res. 2023;8:487-506.
5. Martin TG, Leinwand LA. Hearts apart: sex differences in cardiac remodeling in health and disease. J Clin Invest. 2024:134.
6. Reue K, Wiese CB. Illuminating the mechanisms underlying sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2022;130:1747-62.
7. Shpargel KB, Sengoku T, Yokoyama S, Magnuson T. UTX and UTY demonstrate histone demethylase-independent function in mouse embryonic development. PLoS Genet. 2012;8:e1002964.
8. Pepin ME, Ha CM, Crossman DK, et al. Genome-wide DNA methylation encodes cardiac transcriptional reprogramming in human ischemic heart failure. Lab Invest. 2019;99:371-86.
9. Chlamydas S, Markouli M, Strepkos D, Piperi C. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate sex-specific bias in disease manifestations. J Mol Med. 2022;100:1111-23.
10. Liu R, Zhao E, Yu H, Yuan C, Abbas MN, Cui H. Methylation across the central dogma in health and diseases: new therapeutic strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8:310.
11. Ho JSY, Jou E, Khong PL, Foo RSY, Sia CH. Epigenetics in heart failure. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:12010.
12. Chen Y, Liang R, Li Y, et al. Chromatin accessibility: biological functions, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic application. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9:340.
13. Huang H, Lin S, Garcia BA, Zhao Y. Quantitative proteomic analysis of histone modifications. Chem Rev. 2015;115:2376-418.
14. Kostova T, Karalilova R, Batalov Z, Kazakova M, Sarafian V, Batalov A. Recent insights into the role of DNA methylation and histone modifications in systemic sclerosis: a scoping review. Diagnostics. 2024;14:652.
15. Kujirai T, Ehara H, Sekine SI, Kurumizaka H. Structural transition of the nucleosome during transcription elongation. Cells. 2023;12:1388.
16. Goldberg AD, Banaszynski LA, Noh KM, et al. Distinct factors control histone variant H3.3 localization at specific genomic regions. Cell. 2010;140:678-91.
17. Hyun K, Jeon J, Park K, Kim J. Writing, erasing and reading histone lysine methylations. Exp Mol Med. 2017;49:e324.
18. Preissl S, Gaulton KJ, Ren B. Characterizing cis-regulatory elements using single-cell epigenomics. Nat Rev Genet. 2023;24:21-43.
19. Bernstein BE, Humphrey EL, Erlich RL, et al. Methylation of histone H3 Lys 4 in coding regions of active genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99:8695-700.
20. Millán-Zambrano G, Burton A, Bannister AJ, Schneider R. Histone post-translational modifications - cause and consequence of genome function. Nat Rev Genet. 2022;23:563-80.
21. Wiles ET, Selker EU. H3K27 methylation: a promiscuous repressive chromatin mark. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2017;43:31-7.
22. Tie F, Banerjee R, Stratton CA, et al. CBP-mediated acetylation of histone H3 lysine 27 antagonizes Drosophila Polycomb silencing. Development. 2009;136:3131-41.
23. Roudier F, Ahmed I, Bérard C, et al. Integrative epigenomic mapping defines four main chromatin states in Arabidopsis. EMBO J. 2011;30:1928-38.
24. Yan K, Wang K, Li P. The role of post-translational modifications in cardiac hypertrophy. J Cell Mol Med. 2019;23:3795-807.
25. Stastna M. Post-translational modifications of proteins in cardiovascular diseases examined by proteomic approaches. FEBS J. 2025;292:28-46.
26. Cheng X, Wang K, Zhao Y, Wang K. Research progress on post-translational modification of proteins and cardiovascular diseases. Cell Death Discov. 2023;9:275.
27. Lee A, Oh JG, Gorski PA, Hajjar RJ, Kho C. Post-translational modifications in heart failure: small changes, big impact. Heart Lung Circ. 2016;25:319-24.
28. Funamoto M, Imanishi M, Tsuchiya K, Ikeda Y. Roles of histone acetylation sites in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1133611.
29. Wang Y, Miao X, Liu Y, et al. Dysregulation of histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases in cardiovascular diseases. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:641979.
30. Zhou W, Jiang D, Tian J, et al. Acetylation of H3K4, H3K9, and H3K27 mediated by p300 regulates the expression of GATA4 in cardiocytes. Genes Dis. 2019;6:318-25.
31. Sunagawa Y, Katanasaka Y, Wada H, Hasegawa K, Morimoto T. [Functional analysis of GATA4 complex, a cardiac hypertrophy-response transcriptional factor, using a proteomics approach]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2016;136:151-6.
32. Morimoto T, Sunagawa Y, Kawamura T, et al. The dietary compound curcumin inhibits p300 histone acetyltransferase activity and prevents heart failure in rats. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:868-78.
33. Smith JD. New role for histone deacetylase 9 in atherosclerosis and inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34:1798-9.
34. Chen X, He Y, Fu W, et al. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and atherosclerosis: a mechanistic and pharmacological review. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:581015.
35. Keller MA, Nakamura M. Acetyltransferase in cardiovascular disease and aging. J Cardiovasc Aging. 2024;4:26.
37. Martin C, Zhang Y. The diverse functions of histone lysine methylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2005;6:838-49.
38. Hickenlooper SM, Davis K, Szulik MW, et al. Histone H4K20 trimethylation is decreased in murine models of heart disease. ACS Omega. 2022;7:30710-9.
39. Szulik MW, Valdez S, Walsh M, et al. SMYD1a protects the heart from ischemic injury by regulating OPA1-mediated cristae remodeling and supercomplex formation. Basic Res Cardiol. 2023;118:20.
40. Schiano C, Vietri MT, Grimaldi V, Picascia A, De Pascale MR, Napoli C. Epigenetic-related therapeutic challenges in cardiovascular disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2015;36:226-35.
41. Pandya K, Pulli B, Bultman S, Smithies O. Reversible epigenetic modifications of the two cardiac myosin heavy chain genes during changes in expression. Gene Expr. 2010;15:51-9.
42. Thienpont B, Aronsen JM, Robinson EL, et al. The H3K9 dimethyltransferases EHMT1/2 protect against pathological cardiac hypertrophy. J Clin Invest. 2017;127:335-48.
43. Chen F, Chen J, Wang H, et al. Histone lysine methyltransferase SETD2 regulates coronary vascular development in embryonic mouse hearts. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:651655.
44. Zhu JY, van de Leemput J, Han Z. The roles of histone lysine methyltransferases in heart development and disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2023;10:305.
45. Yi X, Zhu QX, Wu XL, Tan TT, Jiang XJ. Histone methylation and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022:6023710.
47. Zheng M, Cheong SY, Min C, Jin M, Cho DI, Kim KM. β-arrestin2 plays permissive roles in the inhibitory activities of RGS9-2 on G protein-coupled receptors by maintaining RGS9-2 in the open conformation. Mol Cell Biol. 2011;31:4887-901.
48. Awad S, Al-Haffar KM, Marashly Q, et al. Control of histone H3 phosphorylation by CaMKIIδ in response to haemodynamic cardiac stress. J Pathol. 2015;235:606-18.
49. Wang H, Wang L, Erdjument-Bromage H, et al. Role of histone H2A ubiquitination in Polycomb silencing. Nature. 2004;431:873-8.
50. Bandyopadhyay T, Basu B, Parua PK. Histone H2B monoubiquitylation regulates elongation-to-termination transition in RNA polymerase II transcription. Commun Biol. 2025;8:1781.
51. Zhao D, Zhong G, Li J, et al. Targeting E3 ubiquitin ligase WWP1 prevents cardiac hypertrophy through destabilizing DVL2 via inhibition of K27-linked ubiquitination. Circulation. 2021;144:694-711.
52. Nomura S, Satoh M, Fujita T, et al. Cardiomyocyte gene programs encoding morphological and functional signatures in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Nat Commun. 2018;9:4435.
53. Gillette TG, Hill JA. Readers, writers, and erasers: chromatin as the whiteboard of heart disease. Circ Res. 2015;116:1245-53.
54. Wang Z, Zhao YT, Zhao TC. Histone deacetylases in modulating cardiac disease and their clinical translational and therapeutic implications. Exp Biol Med. 2021;246:213-25.
55. Kulthinee S, Yano N, Zhuang S, Wang L, Zhao TC. Critical functions of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in modulating inflammation associated with cardiovascular diseases. Pathophysiology. 2022;29:471-85.
56. Rosales W, Carulla J, García J, Vargas D, Lizcano F. Role of histone demethylases in cardiomyocytes induced to hypertrophy. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:2634976.
57. Cao DJ, Wang ZV, Battiprolu PK, et al. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors attenuate cardiac hypertrophy by suppressing autophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:4123-8.
58. Gillette TG. HDAC inhibition in the heart: erasing hidden fibrosis. Circulation. 2021;143:1891-3.
59. Zhang QJ, Liu ZP. Histone methylations in heart development, congenital and adult heart diseases. Epigenomics. 2015;7:321-30.
60. Ng SB, Bigham AW, Buckingham KJ, et al. Exome sequencing identifies MLL2 mutations as a cause of Kabuki syndrome. Nat Genet. 2010;42:790-3.
61. Nguyen AT, Xiao B, Neppl RL, et al. DOT1L regulates dystrophin expression and is critical for cardiac function. Genes Dev. 2011;25:263-74.
62. Szulik MW, Davis K, Bakhtina A, et al. Transcriptional regulation by methyltransferases and their role in the heart: highlighting novel emerging functionality. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2020;319:H847-65.
63. Tang Y, Chen ZY, Hong YZ, et al. Expression profiles of histone lysine demethylases during cardiomyocyte differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2014;35:899-906.
64. Van der Meulen J, Speleman F, Van Vlierberghe P. The H3K27me3 demethylase UTX in normal development and disease. Epigenetics. 2014;9:658-68.
65. Link JC, Wiese CB, Chen X, et al. X chromosome dosage of histone demethylase KDM5C determines sex differences in adiposity. J Clin Invest. 2020;130:5688-702.
66. Peeters S, Baldry S, Korecki AJ, et al. Escape from X-chromosome inactivation at KDM5C is driven by promoter-proximal DNA elements and enhanced by domain context. Hum Mol Genet. 2025;34:978-89.
67. Horitani K, Chavkin NW, Arai Y, et al. Disruption of the Uty epigenetic regulator locus in hematopoietic cells phenocopies the profibrotic attributes of Y chromosome loss in heart failure. Nat Cardiovasc Res. 2024;3:343-55.
68. Klattenhoff CA, Scheuermann JC, Surface LE, et al. Braveheart, a long noncoding RNA required for cardiovascular lineage commitment. Cell. 2013;152:570-83.
69. Han P, Li W, Lin CH, et al. A long noncoding RNA protects the heart from pathological hypertrophy. Nature. 2014;514:102-6.
70. Queirós AM, Eschen C, Fliegner D, et al. Sex- and estrogen-dependent regulation of a miRNA network in the healthy and hypertrophied heart. Int J Cardiol. 2013;169:331-8.
71. Goodale T, Sadhu A, Petak S, Robbins R. Testosterone and the heart. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2017;13:68-72.
72. Thej C, Kishore R. Epigenetic regulation of sex dimorphism in cardiovascular health. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2024;102:498-510.
73. Svoboda LK, Wang K, Jones TR, Colacino JA, Sartor MA, Dolinoy DC. Sex-specific alterations in cardiac DNA methylation in adult mice by perinatal lead exposure. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:577.
74. Wang K, Liu S, Svoboda LK, et al. Tissue- and sex-specific DNA methylation changes in mice perinatally exposed to lead (Pb). Front Genet. 2020;11:840.
75. Bridges J, Ramirez-Guerrero JA, Rosa-Garrido M. Gender-specific genetic and epigenetic signatures in cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2024;11:1355980.
76. Talens RP, Jukema JW, Trompet S, et al. Hypermethylation at loci sensitive to the prenatal environment is associated with increased incidence of myocardial infarction. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41:106-15.
77. Ferreira C, Trindade F, Ferreira R, et al. Sexual dimorphism in cardiac remodeling: the molecular mechanisms ruled by sex hormones in the heart. J Mol Med. 2022;100:245-67.
78. Hartman RJG, Huisman SE, den Ruijter HM. Sex differences in cardiovascular epigenetics-a systematic review. Biol Sex Differ. 2018;9:19.
79. Deegan DF, Nigam P, Engel N. Sexual dimorphism of the heart: genetics, epigenetics, and development. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:668252.
80. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Kararigas G. Mechanistic pathways of sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Physiol Rev. 2017;97:1-37.
81. Czubryt MP, McAnally J, Fishman GI, Olson EN. Regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha ) and mitochondrial function by MEF2 and HDAC5. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:1711-6.
82. Pan B, Quan J, Liu L, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate reverses cTnI-low expression-induced age-related heart diastolic dysfunction through histone acetylation modification. J Cell Mol Med. 2017;21:2481-90.
83. Kumar P, Brooks HL. Abstract 006: age and sex differentially regulate epigenetic mechanisms in the heart. Hypertension. 2023;80:A006.
84. Garcia-Ojalvo J, Bulut-Karslioglu A. On time: developmental timing within and across species. Development. 2023;150:dev201045.
85. Li Y, Du J, Deng S, et al. The molecular mechanisms of cardiac development and related diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9:368.
86. Pashmforoush M, Lu JT, Chen H, et al. Nkx2-5 pathways and congenital heart disease; loss of ventricular myocyte lineage specification leads to progressive cardiomyopathy and complete heart block. Cell. 2004;117:373-86.
87. Bruneau BG, Nemer G, Schmitt JP, et al. A murine model of Holt-Oram syndrome defines roles of the T-box transcription factor Tbx5 in cardiogenesis and disease. Cell. 2001;106:709-21.
88. Fang X, Poulsen RR, Wang-Hu J, et al. Knockdown of DNA methyltransferase 3a alters gene expression and inhibits function of embryonic cardiomyocytes. FASEB J. 2016;30:3238-55.
89. Gilsbach R, Preissl S, Grüning BA, et al. Dynamic DNA methylation orchestrates cardiomyocyte development, maturation and disease. Nat Commun. 2014;5:5288.
90. Li X, Yue X, Pastor WA, et al. Tet proteins influence the balance between neuroectodermal and mesodermal fate choice by inhibiting Wnt signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113:E8267-76.
91. Wang Y, Sano S, Yura Y, et al. Tet2-mediated clonal hematopoiesis in nonconditioned mice accelerates age-associated cardiac dysfunction. JCI Insight. 2020;5:135204.
92. Akerberg BN, Gu F, VanDusen NJ, et al. A reference map of murine cardiac transcription factor chromatin occupancy identifies dynamic and conserved enhancers. Nat Commun. 2019;10:4907.
93. Papait R, Cattaneo P, Kunderfranco P, et al. Genome-wide analysis of histone marks identifying an epigenetic signature of promoters and enhancers underlying cardiac hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:20164-9.
94. Delgado-Olguín P, Huang Y, Li X, et al. Epigenetic repression of cardiac progenitor gene expression by Ezh2 is required for postnatal cardiac homeostasis. Nat Genet. 2012;44:343-7.
95. Schwaemmle H, Soldati H, Lykoskoufis NMR, Docquier M, Hainard A, Braun SMG. CRISPR screen decodes SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex assembly. Nat Commun. 2025;16:5011.
97. Wang G, Ye H, Wang X, Liu B. Polycomb repressive complex 2 controls cardiac cell fate decision via interacting with RNA: promiscuously or well-ordered. Front Genet. 2022;13:1011228.
98. Lei I, Gao X, Sham MH, Wang Z. SWI/SNF protein component BAF250a regulates cardiac progenitor cell differentiation by modulating chromatin accessibility during second heart field development. J Biol Chem. 2012;287:24255-62.
99. Fudenberg G, Imakaev M, Lu C, Goloborodko A, Abdennur N, Mirny LA. Formation of chromosomal domains by loop extrusion. Cell Rep. 2016;15:2038-49.
100. Andreu MJ, Alvarez-Franco A, Portela M, et al. Establishment of 3D chromatin structure after fertilization and the metabolic switch at the morula-to-blastocyst transition require CTCF. Cell Rep. 2022;41:111501.
101. Gomez-Velazquez M, Badia-Careaga C, Lechuga-Vieco AV, et al. CTCF counter-regulates cardiomyocyte development and maturation programs in the embryonic heart. PLoS Genet. 2017;13:e1006985.
102. Ren H, Zhong H, Zhang J, et al. CTCF point mutation at R567 disrupts mouse heart development via 3D genome rearrangement and transcription dysregulation. Cell Prolif. 2025;58:e13783.
103. Mills JA, Herrera PS, Kaur M, et al. NIPBL+/- haploinsufficiency reveals a constellation of transcriptome disruptions in the pluripotent and cardiac states. Sci Rep. 2018;8:1056.
104. Mfarej MG, Hyland CA, Sanchez AC, Falk MM, Iovine MK, Skibbens RV. Cohesin: an emerging master regulator at the heart of cardiac development. Mol Biol Cell. 2023;34:rs2.
105. Schuster K, Leeke B, Meier M, et al. A neural crest origin for cohesinopathy heart defects. Hum Mol Genet. 2015;24:7005-16.
106. Zhang B, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, et al. SMC3 contributes to heart development by regulating super-enhancer associated genes. Exp Mol Med. 2024;56:1826-42.
107. Bertero A, Rosa-Garrido M. Three-dimensional chromatin organization in cardiac development and disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2021;151:89-105.
108. Matthews BJ, Waxman DJ. Impact of 3D genome organization, guided by cohesin and CTCF looping, on sex-biased chromatin interactions and gene expression in mouse liver. Epigenet Chromatin. 2020;13:30.
109. Fang H, Disteche CM, Berletch JB. X inactivation and escape: epigenetic and structural features. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2019;7:219.
110. Fleurie A, Lesterlin C, Manuse S, et al. MapZ marks the division sites and positions FtsZ rings in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nature. 2014;516:259-62.
111. Oda T, Iwasa M, Aihara T, Maéda Y, Narita A. Erratum: the nature of the globular- to fibrous-actin transition. Nature. 2009;461:550.
112. Hanssen LLP, Kassouf MT, Oudelaar AM, et al. Tissue-specific CTCF-cohesin-mediated chromatin architecture delimits enhancer interactions and function in vivo. Nat Cell Biol. 2017;19:952-61.
113. Deegan DF, Engel N. Sexual dimorphism in the age of genomics: how, when, where. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2019;7:186.
114. McClain AK, Monteleone PP, Zoldan J. Sex in cardiovascular disease: why this biological variable should be considered in in vitro models. Sci Adv. 2024;10:eadn3510.
115. Trexler CL, Odell AT, Jeong MY, Dowell RD, Leinwand LA. Transcriptome and functional profile of cardiac myocytes is influenced by biological sex. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2017;10:e001770.
116. D'Antonio-Chronowska A, Donovan MKR, Young Greenwald WW, et al. Association of human iPSC gene signatures and X chromosome dosage with two distinct cardiac differentiation trajectories. Stem Cell Reports. 2019;13:924-38.
117. Bermejo-Alvarez P, Rizos D, Rath D, Lonergan P, Gutierrez-Adan A. Sex determines the expression level of one third of the actively expressed genes in bovine blastocysts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:3394-9.
118. Wijchers PJ, Yandim C, Panousopoulou E, et al. Sexual dimorphism in mammalian autosomal gene regulation is determined not only by Sry but by sex chromosome complement as well. Dev Cell. 2010;19:477-84.
119. Wrenzycki C, Lucas-Hahn A, Herrmann D, Lemme E, Korsawe K, Niemann H. In vitro production and nuclear transfer affect dosage compensation of the X-linked gene transcripts G6PD, PGK, and Xist in preimplantation bovine embryos. Biol Reprod. 2002;66:127-34.
120. Taylor DM, Handyside AH, Ray PF, Dibb NJ, Winston RM, Ao A. Quantitative measurement of transcript levels throughout human preimplantation development: analysis of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase. Mol Hum Reprod. 2001;7:147-54.
121. Bermejo-Alvarez P, Rizos D, Rath D, Lonergan P, Gutierrez-Adan A. Epigenetic differences between male and female bovine blastocysts produced in vitro. Physiol Genomics. 2008;32:264-72.
122. Bermejo-Alvarez P, Rizos D, Lonergan P, Gutierrez-Adan A. Transcriptional sexual dimorphism during preimplantation embryo development and its consequences for developmental competence and adult health and disease. Reproduction. 2011;141:563-70.
123. Gebert C, Wrenzycki C, Herrmann D, et al. DNA methylation in the IGF2 intragenic DMR is re-established in a sex-specific manner in bovine blastocysts after somatic cloning. Genomics. 2009;94:63-9.
124. Deegan DF, Karbalaei R, Madzo J, Kulathinal RJ, Engel N. The developmental origins of sex-biased expression in cardiac development. Biol Sex Differ. 2019;10:46.
125. Dehingia B, Milewska M, Janowski M, Pękowska A. CTCF shapes chromatin structure and gene expression in health and disease. EMBO Rep. 2022;23:e55146.
126. Fang H, Tronco AR, Bonora G, et al. CTCF-mediated insulation and chromatin environment modulate Car5b escape from X inactivation. bioRxiv. 2023.
127. Arnold AP, Cassis LA, Eghbali M, Reue K, Sandberg K. Sex hormones and sex chromosomes cause sex differences in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017;37:746-56.
128. Wang K, Liu H, Hu Q, et al. Epigenetic regulation of aging: implications for interventions of aging and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7:374.
129. Duan R, Fu Q, Sun Y, Li Q. Epigenetic clock: a promising biomarker and practical tool in aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2022;81:101743.
130. Liang R, Tang Q, Chen J, Zhu L. Epigenetic clocks: beyond biological age, using the past to predict the present and future. Aging Dis. 2024;16:3520-45.
131. Hägg S, Jylhävä J. Sex differences in biological aging with a focus on human studies. Elife. 2021;10:e63425.
132. Liang Y, Young JL, Kong M, et al. Gender differences in cardiac remodeling induced by a high-fat diet and lifelong, low-dose cadmium exposure. Chem Res Toxicol. 2019;32:1070-81.
133. Blin G, Liand M, Mauduit C, et al. Maternal exposure to high-fat diet induces long-term derepressive chromatin marks in the heart. Nutrients. 2020;12:181.
134. Jaiswal S, Fontanillas P, Flannick J, et al. Age-related clonal hematopoiesis associated with adverse outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:2488-98.
135. Fuster JJ, MacLauchlan S, Zuriaga MA, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis associated with TET2 deficiency accelerates atherosclerosis development in mice. Science. 2017;355:842-7.
136. Zink F, Stacey SN, Norddahl GL, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis, with and without candidate driver mutations, is common in the elderly. Blood. 2017;130:742-52.
137. Fuster JJ, Walsh K. Somatic mutations and clonal hematopoiesis: unexpected potential new drivers of age-related cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2018;122:523-32.
138. Dorsheimer L, Assmus B, Rasper T, et al. Association of mutations contributing to clonal hematopoiesis with prognosis in chronic ischemic heart failure. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4:25-33.
139. Yu B, Roberts MB, Raffield LM, et al. Supplemental association of clonal hematopoiesis with incident heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78:42-52.
140. Jaiswal S, Natarajan P, Silver AJ, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:111-21.
141. Cobo I, Murillo-Saich J, Alishala M, et al. Particle uptake by macrophages triggers bifurcated transcriptional pathways that differentially regulate inflammation and lysosomal gene expression. Immunity. 2025;58:826-42.e8.
142. Cobo I, Tanaka TN, Chandra Mangalhara K, et al. DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha and TET methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 restrain mitochondrial DNA-mediated interferon signaling in macrophages. Immunity. 2022;55:1386-401.e10.
143. Díez-Díez M, Ramos-Neble BL, de la Barrera J, et al. Unidirectional association of clonal hematopoiesis with atherosclerosis development. Nat Med. 2024;30:2857-66.
144. Iorga A, Cunningham CM, Moazeni S, Ruffenach G, Umar S, Eghbali M. The protective role of estrogen and estrogen receptors in cardiovascular disease and the controversial use of estrogen therapy. Biol Sex Differ. 2017;8:33.
145. Meng Q, Li Y, Ji T, et al. Estrogen prevent atherosclerosis by attenuating endothelial cell pyroptosis via activation of estrogen receptor α-mediated autophagy. J Adv Res. 2021;28:149-64.
146. Rauch PJ, Gopakumar J, Silver AJ, et al. Loss-of-function mutations in Dnmt3a and Tet2 lead to accelerated atherosclerosis and concordant macrophage phenotypes. Nat Cardiovasc Res. 2023;2:805-18.
147. Murphy AJ, Guyre PM, Pioli PA. Estradiol suppresses NF-kappa B activation through coordinated regulation of let-7a and miR-125b in primary human macrophages. J Immunol. 2010;184:5029-37.
148. Pepin ME, Drakos S, Ha CM, et al. DNA methylation reprograms cardiac metabolic gene expression in end-stage human heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2019;317:H674-84.
149. Wong LL, Armugam A, Sepramaniam S, et al. Circulating microRNAs in heart failure with reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:393-404.
150. Hahn VS, Knutsdottir H, Luo X, et al. Myocardial gene expression signatures in human heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circulation. 2021;143:120-34.
151. van Ommen AMLN, Canto ED, Cramer MJ, Rutten FH, Onland-Moret NC, Ruijter HMD. Diastolic dysfunction and sex-specific progression to HFpEF: current gaps in knowledge and future directions. BMC Med. 2022;20:496.
152. Rabkin SW, Wong CN. Epigenetics in heart failure: role of DNA methylation in potential pathways leading to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Biomedicines. 2023;11:2815.
153. Watson CJ, Collier P, Tea I, et al. Hypoxia-induced epigenetic modifications are associated with cardiac tissue fibrosis and the development of a myofibroblast-like phenotype. Hum Mol Genet. 2014;23:2176-88.
154. Borlaug BA, Paulus WJ. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:670-9.
155. Sarker H, Haimour A, Toor R, Fernandez-Patron C. The emerging role of epigenetic mechanisms in the causation of aberrant MMP activity during human pathologies and the use of medicinal drugs. Biomolecules. 2021;11:578.
156. Zhao X, Sui Y, Ruan X, et al. A deep learning model for early risk prediction of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction by DNA methylation profiles combined with clinical features. Clin Epigenet. 2022;14:11.
157. Schuermans A, Honigberg MC, Raffield LM, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis and incident heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2353244.
158. Pillai VB, Sundaresan NR, Kim G, et al. Exogenous NAD blocks cardiac hypertrophic response via activation of the SIRT3-LKB1-AMP-activated kinase pathway. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:3133-44.
159. Watson CJ, Gupta SK, O'Connell E, et al. MicroRNA signatures differentiate preserved from reduced ejection fraction heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:405-15.
160. Satoh T, Wang L, Espinosa-Diez C, et al. Metabolic syndrome mediates ROS-miR-193b-NFYA-dependent downregulation of soluble guanylate cyclase and contributes to exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circulation. 2021;144:615-37.
161. Abbas M, Gaye A. Emerging roles of noncoding RNAs in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2025;328:H603-21.
162. Piccoli MT, Gupta SK, Viereck J, et al. Inhibition of the cardiac fibroblast-enriched lncRNA Meg3 prevents cardiac fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. Circ Res. 2017;121:575-83.
163. Mably JD, Wang DZ. Long non-coding RNAs in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure: functions, mechanisms and clinical prospects. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2024;21:326-45.
164. Micheletti R, Plaisance I, Abraham BJ, et al. The long noncoding RNA Wisper controls cardiac fibrosis and remodeling. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9:eaai9118.
165. Neumann P, Jaé N, Knau A, et al. The lncRNA GATA6-AS epigenetically regulates endothelial gene expression via interaction with LOXL2. Nat Commun. 2018;9:237.
166. Hamdani N, Costantino S, Mügge A, et al. Leveraging clinical epigenetics in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a call for individualized therapies. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:1940-58.
167. Witt H, Schubert C, Jaekel J, et al. Sex-specific pathways in early cardiac response to pressure overload in mice. J Mol Med. 2008;86:1013-24.
168. Murphy E, Amanakis G, Fillmore N, Parks RJ, Sun J. Sex differences in metabolic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res. 2017;113:370-7.
169. Fliegner D, Ellieva A, Angelov A, Petrov G, Regitz-Zagrosek V. Sex differences and estrogen effects in cardiac mitochondria in human aortic stenosis and in the mouse heart. Front Endocrinol. 2023;14:1181044.
170. Tong D, Schiattarella GG, Jiang N, et al. Female sex is protective in a preclinical model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circulation. 2019;140:1769-71.
171. Fopiano KA, Balogh MB, Patel VS, Ilatovskaya DV, Bagi Z. Sex-specific molecular drivers of cardiac fibrosis in aging hearts. Geroscience. 2025;47:5749-61.
172. Pedram A, Razandi M, Narayanan R, Dalton JT, McKinsey TA, Levin ER. Estrogen regulates histone deacetylases to prevent cardiac hypertrophy. Mol Biol Cell. 2013;24:3805-18.
173. Svoboda LK, Wang K, Goodrich JM, et al. Perinatal lead exposure promotes sex-specific epigenetic programming of disease-relevant pathways in mouse heart. Toxics. 2023;11:85.
174. Florijn BW, Valstar GB, Duijs JMGJ, et al. Sex-specific microRNAs in women with diabetes and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction or HFpEF associate with microvascular injury. Sci Rep. 2020;10:13945.
175. K N H, Okabe J, Mathiyalagan P, et al. Sex-based mhrt methylation chromatinizes MeCP2 in the heart. iScience. 2019;17:288-301.
176. Shi Y, Dong G, Liu J, et al. Clinical implications of plasma galectin-3 in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:854501.
177. Baccouche BM, Mahmoud MA, Nief C, Patel K, Natterson-Horowitz B. Galectin-3 is Associated with heart failure incidence: a meta-analysis. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2023;19:e171122211004.
178. Ma W, Fang H, Pease N, Filippova GN, Disteche CM, Berletch JB. Sex-biased and parental allele-specific gene regulation by KDM6A. Biol Sex Differ. 2022;13:40.
179. Burchfield JS, Xie M, Hill JA. Pathological ventricular remodeling: mechanisms: part 1 of 2. Circulation. 2013;128:388-400.
180. Shi Y, Zhang H, Huang S, et al. Epigenetic regulation in cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7:200.
181. Chandra S, Ehrlich KC, Lacey M, Baribault C, Ehrlich M. Epigenetics and expression of key genes associated with cardiac fibrosis: NLRP3, MMP2, MMP9, CCN2/CTGF and AGT. Epigenomics. 2021;13:219-34.
182. Guo Z, Liu Y, Zhou Z, et al. Integrative DNA methylome and transcriptome analysis identify potential genes on the influence of dilated cardiomyopathy-associated heart failure. Clin Epigenet. 2025;17:64.
183. Madsen A, Höppner G, Krause J, et al. An important role for DNMT3A-mediated DNA methylation in cardiomyocyte metabolism and contractility. Circulation. 2020;142:1562-78.
184. Chapski DJ, Cabaj M, Morselli M, et al. Early adaptive chromatin remodeling events precede pathologic phenotypes and are reinforced in the failing heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2021;160:73-86.
185. Awad S, Kunhi M, Little GH, et al. Nuclear CaMKII enhances histone H3 phosphorylation and remodels chromatin during cardiac hypertrophy. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41:7656-72.
186. Wang M, Chen Z, Zhang Y. CBP/p300 and HDAC activities regulate H3K27 acetylation dynamics and zygotic genome activation in mouse preimplantation embryos. EMBO J. 2022;41:e112012.
187. Han Y, Nie J, Wang DW, Ni L. Mechanism of histone deacetylases in cardiac hypertrophy and its therapeutic inhibitors. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:931475.
188. Song Z, Gao R, Yan B. Potential roles of microRNA-1 and microRNA-133 in cardiovascular disease. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2020;21:57-64.
189. Micu MA, Cozac DA, Scridon A. miRNA-orchestrated fibroinflammatory responses in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: translational opportunities for precision medicine. Diagnostics. 2025;15:2286.
190. Boichenko V, Noakes VM, Reilly-O'Donnell B, et al. Circulating non-coding RNAs as indicators of fibrosis and heart failure severity. Cells. 2025;14:553.
191. Lin J, Zhang J, Ma L, et al. KDM6A facilitates Xist upregulation at the onset of X inactivation. Biol Sex Differ. 2025;16:1.
192. Sen A, Heredia N, Senut MC, et al. Early life lead exposure causes gender-specific changes in the DNA methylation profile of DNA extracted from dried blood spots. Epigenomics. 2015;7:379-93.
193. van Rooij E, Fielitz J, Sutherland LB, et al. Myocyte enhancer factor 2 and class II histone deacetylases control a gender-specific pathway of cardioprotection mediated by the estrogen receptor. Circ Res. 2010;106:155-65.
194. Karvinen S, Juppi HK, Le G, et al. Estradiol deficiency and skeletal muscle apoptosis: possible contribution of microRNAs. Exp Gerontol. 2021;147:111267.
195. Huo JL, Jiao L, An Q, et al. Myofibroblast deficiency of LSD1 alleviates TAC-induced heart failure. Circ Res. 2021;129:400-13.
196. Waddell A, Mahmud I, Ding H, Huo Z, Liao D. Pharmacological inhibition of CBP/p300 blocks estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) function through suppressing enhancer H3K27 acetylation in luminal breast cancer. Cancers. 2021;13:2799.
197. Biamonte F, Battaglia AM, Zolea F, et al. Ferritin heavy subunit enhances apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells through modulation of miR-125b/p53 axis. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9:1174.
198. Izzo LT, Wellen KE. Histone lactylation links metabolism and gene regulation. Nature. 2019;574:492-3.
199. Crosswhite P, Sun Z. TNFα induces DNA and histone hypomethylation and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation partly via excessive superoxide formation. Antioxidants. 2024;13:677.
200. Zhang Y, Li J, Tan L, Xue J, Shi YG. Understanding the role of ten-eleven translocation family proteins in kidney diseases. Biochem Soc Trans. 2024;52:2203-14.
201. Zhang X, Cai H, Xu H, Dong S, Ma H. Critical roles of m6A methylation in cardiovascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1187514.
202. Wang H, Zhang Y, Jiang X, et al. Emerging mechanisms and implications of m6A in CVDs: potential applications of natural products. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2025;12:1559064.
203. Long H, Yu Y, Ouyang J, Lu H, Zhao G. Insights into RNA N6-methyladenosine and programmed cell death in atherosclerosis. Mol Med. 2024;30:137.
204. Di Ferrante N, Leachman RD, Angelini P, et al. Ehlers danlos type V (X linked form): a lysyl oxidase deficiency. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1975;11:31-7. Available from: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14716/24586 [accessed 10 Feb 2026].
205. Leng Y, Wu Y, Lei S, et al. Inhibition of HDAC6 activity alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rats: potential role of peroxiredoxin 1 acetylation and redox regulation. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:9494052.
206. Gottlieb PD, Pierce SA, Sims RJ, et al. Bop encodes a muscle-restricted protein containing MYND and SET domains and is essential for cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis. Nat Genet. 2002;31:25-32.
207. Warren JS, Tracy CM, Miller MR, et al. Histone methyltransferase Smyd1 regulates mitochondrial energetics in the heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115:E7871-80.
208. Wang JX, Zhang XJ, Li Q, et al. MicroRNA-103/107 regulate programmed necrosis and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through targeting FADD. Circ Res. 2015;117:352-63.
209. Meng K, Jiao J, Zhu RR, et al. The long noncoding RNA hotair regulates oxidative stress and cardiac myocyte apoptosis during ischemia-reperfusion injury. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:1645249.
210. Ghafouri-Fard S, Shoorei H, Taheri M. Non-coding RNAs participate in the ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;129:110419.
211. Bo X, Li Q, Chen S, et al. Evidence and perspectives on miRNA, circRNA, and lncRNA in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: a bibliometric study. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2025;20:66.
212. Kessler EL, Rivaud MR, Vos MA, van Veen TAB. Sex-specific influence on cardiac structural remodeling and therapy in cardiovascular disease. Biol Sex Differ. 2019;10:7.
213. Le TY, Ashton AW, Mardini M, et al. Role of androgens in sex differences in cardiac damage during myocardial infarction. Endocrinology. 2014;155:568-75.
214. Yi P, Wang Z, Feng Q, et al. Structure of a biologically active estrogen receptor-coactivator complex on DNA. Mol Cell. 2015;57:1047-58.
215. Liu J, Jin Y, Zuo S, et al. Dot1L promotes stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice via Tbx6. Circ Res. 2025;137:496-512.
216. Komar D, Juszczynski P. Rebelled epigenome: histone H3S10 phosphorylation and H3S10 kinases in cancer biology and therapy. Clin Epigenet. 2020;12:147.
217. Sheedy FJ. Turning 21: induction of miR-21 as a key switch in the inflammatory response. Front Immunol. 2015;6:19.
218. Solela G, Gessesse HA, Zegeye H, Worku A, Leulseged B. Prevalence, patterns, and determinants of vascular complications of type 2 diabetes in a teaching hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a retrospective study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2024;24:190.
219. Kiselev I, Kozin M, Baulina N, et al. Novel genes involved in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: data of transcriptome and methylome profiling. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:15280.
220. Duan Q, McMahon S, Anand P, et al. BET bromodomain inhibition suppresses innate inflammatory and profibrotic transcriptional networks in heart failure. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9:eaah5084.
221. Auguste G, Rouhi L, Matkovich SJ, et al. BET bromodomain inhibition attenuates cardiac phenotype in myocyte-specific lamin A/C-deficient mice. J Clin Invest. 2020;130:4740-58.
222. Greco S, Zaccagnini G, Perfetti A, et al. Long noncoding RNA dysregulation in ischemic heart failure. J Transl Med. 2016;14:183.
223. Xuan L, Sun L, Zhang Y, et al. Circulating long non-coding RNAs NRON and MHRT as novel predictive biomarkers of heart failure. J Cell Mol Med. 2017;21:1803-14.
224. Felisbino MB, McKinsey TA. Epigenetics in cardiac fibrosis: emphasis on inflammation and fibroblast activation. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2018;3:704-15.
225. Garmany R, Dasari S, Bos JM, et al. Abstract 17329: histone modifications regulate hypertrophy pathways in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2023;148:A17329.
226. Ueda K, Fukuma N, Adachi Y, et al. Sex differences and regulatory actions of estrogen in cardiovascular system. Front Physiol. 2021;12:738218.
227. Butters A, Lakdawala NK, Ingles J. Sex differences in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: interaction with genetics and environment. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2021;18:264-73.
228. Jansen M, de Brouwer R, Hassanzada F, et al. Penetrance and prognosis of MYH7 variant-associated cardiomyopathies: results from a dutch multicenter cohort study. JACC Heart Fail. 2024;12:134-47.
229. Cibi DM, Bi-Lin KW, Shekeran SG, et al. Prdm16 deficiency leads to age-dependent cardiac hypertrophy, adverse remodeling, mitochondrial dysfunction, and heart failure. Cell Rep. 2020;33:108288.
230. Kühnisch J, Theisen S, Dartsch J, et al. Prdm16 mutation determines sex-specific cardiac metabolism and identifies two novel cardiac metabolic regulators. Cardiovasc Res. 2024;119:2902-16.
231. Sun B, Rouzbehani OMT, Kramer RJ, et al. Nonsense variant PRDM16-Q187X causes impaired myocardial development and TGF-β signaling resulting in noncompaction cardiomyopathy in humans and mice. Circ Heart Fail. 2023;16:e010351.
232. Arndt AK, Schafer S, Drenckhahn JD, et al. Fine mapping of the 1p36 deletion syndrome identifies mutation of PRDM16 as a cause of cardiomyopathy. Am J Hum Genet. 2013;93:67-77.
233. Kramer RJ, Fatahian AN, Chan A, et al. PRDM16 deletion is associated with sex-dependent cardiomyopathy and cardiac mortality: a translational, multi-institutional cohort study. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2023;16:390-400.
234. Zhang S, Lu Y, Jiang C. Inhibition of histone demethylase JMJD1C attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis induced by angiotensin II. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 2020;40:339-47.
235. Yang L, Deng J, Ma W, et al. Ablation of lncRNA Miat attenuates pathological hypertrophy and heart failure. Theranostics. 2021;11:7995-8007.
236. Su W, Huo Q, Wu H, et al. The function of LncRNA-H19 in cardiac hypertrophy. Cell Biosci. 2021;11:153.
237. Lan Y, Banks KM, Pan H, et al. Stage-specific regulation of DNA methylation by TET enzymes during human cardiac differentiation. Cell Rep. 2021;37:110095.
238. Izquierdo C, Casas G, Martin-Isla C, et al. Radiomics-based classification of left ventricular non-compaction, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and dilated cardiomyopathy in cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:764312.
239. Broome R, Chernukhin I, Jamieson S, et al. TET2 is a component of the estrogen receptor complex and controls 5mC to 5hmC conversion at estrogen receptor cis-regulatory regions. Cell Rep. 2021;34:108776.
240. Ang SY, Uebersohn A, Spencer CI, et al. KMT2D regulates specific programs in heart development via histone H3 lysine 4 di-methylation. Development. 2016;143:810-21.
241. McKinsey TA, Foo R, Anene-Nzelu CG, et al. Emerging epigenetic therapies of cardiac fibrosis and remodelling in heart failure: from basic mechanisms to early clinical development. Cardiovasc Res. 2023;118:3482-98.
242. García-Calzón S, Maguolo A, Eichelmann F, et al. Epigenetic biomarkers predict macrovascular events in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Cell Rep Med. 2025;6:102290.
244. Yoon S, Eom GH. HDAC and HDAC inhibitor: from cancer to cardiovascular diseases. Chonnam Med J. 2016;52:1-11.
245. Naumenko N, Mutikainen M, Holappa L, Ruas JL, Tuomainen T, Tavi P. PGC-1α deficiency reveals sex-specific links between cardiac energy metabolism and EC-coupling during development of heart failure in mice. Cardiovasc Res. 2022;118:1520-34.
246. Schuetze KB, Stratton MS, Blakeslee WW, et al. Overlapping and divergent actions of structurally distinct histone deacetylase inhibitors in cardiac fibroblasts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2017;361:140-50.
247. Peng X, Wang T, Wang Q, et al. Pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat suppresses osteoclastic bone resorption through modulation of RANKL-evoked signaling and ameliorates ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Cell Commun Signal. 2024;22:160.
248. Yoon S, Kang G, Eom GH. HDAC inhibitors: therapeutic potential in fibrosis-associated human diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:1329.
249. Filippakopoulos P, Qi J, Picaud S, et al. Selective inhibition of BET bromodomains. Nature. 2010;468:1067-73.
250. Spiltoir JI, Stratton MS, Cavasin MA, et al. BET acetyl-lysine binding proteins control pathological cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2013;63:175-9.
251. Nagarajan S, Hossan T, Alawi M, et al. Bromodomain protein BRD4 is required for estrogen receptor-dependent enhancer activation and gene transcription. Cell Rep. 2014;8:460-9.
252. Ray KK, Nicholls SJ, Ginsberg HD, et al. Effect of selective BET protein inhibitor apabetalone on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome and diabetes: Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the BETonMACE trial. Am Heart J. 2019;217:72-83.
253. Papait R, Serio S, Pagiatakis C, et al. Histone methyltransferase G9a is required for cardiomyocyte homeostasis and hypertrophy. Circulation. 2017;136:1233-46.
254. Cabrera Zapata LE, Cambiasso MJ, Arevalo MA. Epigenetic modifier Kdm6a/Utx controls the specification of hypothalamic neuronal subtypes in a sex-dependent manner. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022;10:937875.
255. Huang Y, Urabe G, Zhang M, et al. Nullifying epigenetic writer DOT1L attenuates neointimal hyperplasia. Atherosclerosis. 2020;308:22-31.
256. Nonaka CKV, Sampaio GL, Silva KN, et al. Therapeutic miR-21 silencing reduces cardiac fibrosis and modulates inflammatory response in chronic chagas disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:3307.
