fig3

Figure 3. Amyloid fibrils are formed by denaturation of a native state protein to form a denatured monomer or cleavage to form amyloidogenic peptides. These aggregate slowly to form amyloid seeds during the lag phase. The amyloid seeds rapidly aggregate into β-sheets in the exponential growth phase to form insoluble amyloid fibrils. Extracellular vesicles have been identified as mediators of amyloid formation as they contain several different amyloid precursor proteins or peptides. They can accelerate the aggregation of amyloid peptides by acting as a nucleus for aggregation and fibril growth. (Created with BioRender.com)