REFERENCES

1. Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, et al. European Network for Non-invasive Investigation of Large Arteries. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2588-605.

2. Townsend RR, Wilkinson IB, Schiffrin EL, et al. American Heart Association Council on Hypertension. Recommendations for improving and standardizing vascular research on arterial stiffness: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2015;66:698-722.

3. Kucharska-Newton AM, Stoner L, Meyer ML. Determinants of vascular age: an epidemiological perspective. Clin Chem 2019;65:108-18.

4. Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1318-27.

5. Ben-Shlomo Y, Spears M, Boustred C, et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity improves cardiovascular event prediction: an individual participant meta-analysis of prospective observational data from 17,635 subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:636-46.

6. Fico BG, Gourley DD, Wooten SV, Tanaka H. Heart-thigh cuff pulse wave velocity: a novel nontechnical measure of arterial stiffness. Am J Hypertens 2019;32:1051-3.

7. Reference Values for Arterial Stiffness’ Collaboration. Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: ‘establishing normal and reference values’. Eur Heart J 2010;31:2338-50.

8. Heffernan KS, Jae SY, Loprinzi PD. Association between estimated pulse wave velocity and mortality in U.S. adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75:1862-4.

9. Heffernan KS, Jae SY, Loprinzi PD. Estimated pulse wave velocity is associated with residual-specific mortality: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Hypertens 2021;39:698-702.

10. Jae SY, Heffernan KS, Kurl S, Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JA. Association between estimated pulse wave velocity and the risk of stroke in middle-aged men. Int J Stroke 2021;16:551-5.

11. Jae SY, Heffernan KS, Park JB, et al. Association between estimated pulse wave velocity and the risk of cardiovascular outcomes in men. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020; doi: 10.1177/2047487320920767.

12. Greve SV, Blicher MK, Kruger R, et al. Estimated carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity has similar predictive value as measured carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. J Hypertens 2016;34:1279-89.

13. Vishram-Nielsen JKK, Laurent S, Nilsson PM, et al. MORGAM Project. Does estimated pulse wave velocity add prognostic information? Hypertension 2020;75:1420-8.

14. Vlachopoulos C, Terentes-Printzios D, Laurent S, et al. Association of estimated pulse wave velocity with survival: a secondary analysis of SPRINT. JAMA Netw Open 2019;2:e1912831.

15. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. STROBE Initiative. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol 2008;61:344-9.

16. The Aric Investigators. The atherosclerosis risk in communit (aric) study: design and objectives. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:687-702.

17. Cortez-cooper MY, Supak JA, Tanaka H. A new device for automatic measurements of arterial stiffness and ankle-brachial index. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:1519-22.

18. Meyer ML, Tanaka H, Palta P, et al. Repeatability of central and peripheral pulse wave velocity measures: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Hypertens 2016;29:470-5.

19. Schultz MG, Picone DS, Armstrong MK, et al. The influence of SBP amplification on the accuracy of form-factor-derived mean arterial pressure. J Hypertens 2020;38:1033-9.

20. Papaioannou TG, Protogerou AD, Vrachatis D, et al. Mean arterial pressure values calculated using seven different methods and their associations with target organ deterioration in a single-center study of 1878 individuals. Hypertens Res 2016;39:640-7.

21. Papaioannou TG, Oikonomou E, Lazaros G, et al. The influence of resting heart rate on pulse wave velocity measurement is mediated by blood pressure and depends on aortic stiffness levels: insights from the Corinthia study. Physiol Meas 2019;40:055005.

22. Tan I, Spronck B, Kiat H, et al. Heart rate dependency of large artery stiffness. Hypertension 2016;68:236-42.

23. Siedel J, Hägele EO, Ziegenhorn J, Wahlefeld AW. Reagent for the enzymatic determination of serum total cholesterol with improved lipolytic efficiency. Clin Chem 1983;29:1075-80.

24. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18:499-502.

25. Warnick GR, Mayfield C, Benderson J, Chen JS, Albers JJ. HDL cholesterol quantitation by phosphotungstate-Mg²⁺ and by dextran sulfate-Mn²⁺-polyethylene glycol precipitation, both with enzymic cholesterol assay compared with the lipid research method. Am J Clin Pathol 1982;78:718-23.

26. Overholser BR, Sowinski KM. Biostatistics primer: part 2. Nutr Clin Pract 2008;23:76-84.

27. Martin Bland J, Altman D. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986;327:307-10.

28. Wilkinson IB, Mceniery CM, Schillaci G, et al. ARTERY Society guidelines for validation of non-invasive haemodynamic measurement devices: part 1, arterial pulse wave velocity. ARTRES 2010;4:34.

29. Hametner B, Wassertheurer S, Mayer CC, Danninger K, Binder RK, Weber T. Aortic pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular events and mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a comparison of invasive measurements and noninvasive estimates. Hypertension 2021;77:571-81.

30. Stamatelopoulos K, Georgiopoulos G, Baker KF, et al. Pisa COVID-19 Research Group; Newcastle COVID-19 Research Group. Estimated pulse wave velocity improves risk stratification for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Sci Rep 2021;11:20239.

31. Lefferts WK, Augustine JA, Spartano NL, Atallah-Yunes NH, Heffernan KS, Gump BB. Racial differences in aortic stiffness in children. J Pediatr 2017;180:62-7.

32. Heffernan KS, Jae SY, Wilund KR, Woods JA, Fernhall B. Racial differences in central blood pressure and vascular function in young men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008;295:H2380-7.

33. Schutte AE, Kruger R, Gafane-Matemane LF, Breet Y, Strauss-Kruger M, Cruickshank JK. Ethnicity and arterial stiffness. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020;40:1044-54.

34. Paini A, Boutouyrie P, Calvet D, Tropeano AI, Laloux B, Laurent S. Carotid and aortic stiffness: determinants of discrepancies. Hypertension 2006;47:371-6.

35. Niiranen TJ, Kalesan B, Hamburg NM, Benjamin EJ, Mitchell GF, Vasan RS. Relative contributions of arterial stiffness and hypertension to cardiovascular disease: the Framingham heart study. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:e004271.

36. Rajzer MW, Wojciechowska W, Klocek M, Palka I, Brzozowska-Kiszka M, Kawecka-Jaszcz K. Comparison of aortic pulse wave velocity measured by three techniques: Complior, SphygmoCor and Arteriograph. J Hypertens 2008;26:2001-7.

37. Wilkinson IB, McEniery CM, Cockcroft JR. Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis: guilty by association. Hypertension 2009;54:1213-5.

38. Cecelja M, Chowienczyk P. Dissociation of aortic pulse wave velocity with risk factors for cardiovascular disease other than hypertension: a systematic review. Hypertension 2009;54:1328-36.

39. Wang X, Ye P, Cao R, et al. Triglycerides are a predictive factor for arterial stiffness: a community-based 4.8-year prospective study. Lipids Health Dis 2016;15:97.

40. Tomiyama H, Hashimoto H, Tanaka H, et al. baPWV/cfPWV Collaboration Group. Synergistic relationship between changes in the pulse wave velocity and changes in the heart rate in middle-aged Japanese adults: a prospective study. J Hypertens 2010;28:687-94.

41. Stoner L, Meyer ML, Kucharska-Newton A, et al. Associations between carotid-femoral and heart-femoral pulse wave velocity in older adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. J Hypertens 2020;38:1786-93.

42. Meyer ML, Tanaka H, Palta P, et al. Correlates of segmental pulse wave velocity in older adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am J Hypertens 2016;29:114-22.

43. Jae SY, Heffernan KS, Kurl S, Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JA. Association between estimated pulse wave velocity and the risk of heart failure in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. J Card Fail 2021;27:494-6.

44. Ji C, Gao J, Huang Z, et al. Estimated pulse wave velocity and cardiovascular events in Chinese. Int J Cardiol Hypertens 2020;7:100063.

45. Hsu PC, Lee WH, Tsai WC, et al. Usefulness of estimated pulse wave velocity in prediction of cardiovascular mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Med Sci 2021;361:479-84.

46. Hsu PC, Lee WH, Tsai WC, et al. Comparison between estimated and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity for cardiovascular and overall mortality prediction. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2021;23:106-13.

47. Greve SV, Laurent S, Olsen MH. Estimated pulse wave velocity calculated from age and mean arterial blood pressure. Pulse (Basel) 2017;4:175-9.

48. Liu Y, Sugiyama D, Hirata A, et al. Abstract 11254: double product privilege in predicting all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality compare to heart rate and blood pressure separately, the Nippon-data 80 study. Circulation 2019;140:A11254.

49. Inoue R, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, et al. Predictive value for mortality of the double product at rest obtained by home blood pressure measurement: the Ohasama study. Am J Hypertens 2012;25:568-75.

50. van Hout MJ, Dekkers IA, Lin L, et al. Estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) as a potential gatekeeper for MRI-assessed PWV: a linear and deep neural network based approach in 2254 participants of the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; doi: 10.1007/s10554-021-02359-0.