REFERENCES

1. Bluvstein, D.; Evered, S. J.; Geim, A. A.; et al. Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays. Nature 2024, 626, 58-65.

2. Grégoire, E.; Konieczny, S. Logic-based approaches to information fusion. Inform. Fusion. 2006, 7, 4-18.

3. Zhang, X.; Dong, Y.; Wang, Y.; et al. Quality control of mass-encoded nanodevices by compartmented DNA origami frames for precision information coding and logic mapping. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2024, 63, e202313446.

4. Vaughan, O. Two nanometre CMOS technology. Nat. Electron. 2024, 7, 1063-1063.

5. Hu, Y.; Sheng, C.; Zhang, Z.; et al. First demonstration of monolithic CMOS based on 4-inch three-layer MoTe₂. Mater. Sci. Eng. R. Rep. 2025, 163, 100938.

6. Wu, L. CMOS compatible III-V nano-ridge lasers. Nat. Rev. Electr. Eng. 2025, 2, 82-82.

7. Li, H.; Chen, F.; Jia, H.; et al. All-optical temporal logic gates in localized exciton polaritons. Nat. Photon. 2024, 18, 864-9.

8. Ozawa, T.; Price, H. M.; Amo, A.; et al. Topological photonics. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2019, 91, 015006.

9. Quan, L. N.; Kang, J.; Ning, C. Z.; Yang, P. Nanowires for Photonics. Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 9153-69.

10. Tu, T.; Huan, S.; Feng, X.; Ke, G.; Li, L.; Zhang, X. Spatial confinement of a dual activatable DNAzyme sensor in the cavity of a DNA nanocage for logic-gated molecular imaging. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202424684.

11. Erbas-Cakmak, S.; Kolemen, S.; Sedgwick, A. C.; et al. Molecular logic gates: the past, present and future. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 2228-48.

12. Valvezan, A. J.; Manning, B. D. Molecular logic of mTORC1 signalling as a metabolic rheostat. Nat. Metab. 2019, 1, 321-33.

13. Zhao, T.; Zheng, Z.; Wang, J.; et al. Spin logic enabled by current vector adder. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 2988.

14. Incorvia, J. A. C.; Xiao, T. P.; Zogbi, N.; et al. Spintronics for achieving system-level energy-efficient logic. Nat. Rev. Electr. Eng. 2024, 1, 700-13.

15. Yan, H.; Feng, Z.; Qin, P.; et al. Electric-field-controlled antiferromagnetic spintronic devices. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, e1905603.

16. Matsos, V. G.; Valahu, C. H.; Millican, M. J.; et al. Universal quantum gate set for Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill logical qubits. Nat. Phys. 2025, 21, 1664-9.

17. He, L.; Liu, D.; Zhang, H.; et al. Topologically protected quantum logic gates with valley-hall photonic crystals. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, e2311611.

18. Tang, X.; Shen, H.; Zhao, S.; Li, N.; Liu, J. Flexible brain-computer interfaces. Nat. Electron. 2023, 6, 109-18.

19. Nagarajan, A.; Singh, R. Terahertz brain-computer interfaces. Nat. Rev. Bioeng. 2025, 3, 185-6.

20. Kelsey, R. Hepatic vagus nerve relays signals to the brain that can alter food intake. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2025, 22, 7.

21. Hollywood, M.; Bengtson, C. P.; Coates, C. Visualizing cell signaling: current trends and new technologies. Science 2014, 344, 215-215.

22. Siekevitz, P. Producing neuronal energy. Science 2004, 306, 410-1; author reply 410.

23. Moors, M.; Monakhov, K. Y. Multistate switchable polyoxometalates as neuromimetic emulators. Materials. Today. 2024, 81, 1-3.

24. Pandey, S. V.; Saurav, K. V.; Ismail, A.; Rahaman, S.; Radha, B. Nanofluidic ionic memory for next-generation computing. Nat. Rev. Mater. , . 2026, 1-20.

25. Zhao, X.; Yang, L.; Guo, J.; et al. Transistors and logic circuits based on metal nanoparticles and ionic gradients. Nat. Electron. 2021, 4, 109-15.

26. Biswas, S.; Liu, J.; Austin, J.; Urban, M. W. Ion-lock storage with multi-logic circuitry gated by polar-dipolar interactions in poly(ionic liquids). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2026, 65, e7512063.

27. Han, S. H.; Kwon, S. R.; Baek, S.; Chung, T. D. Ionic circuits powered by reverse electrodialysis for an ultimate iontronic system. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 14068.

28. Long, Y.; Zhao, B.; Liu, M.; Hu, W.; Pu, X. Smart hydrogel tactile sensors and systems: a comprehensive review. SmartSys 2025, 1, e70015.

29. Wang, A.; Feng, S.; Xiao, T.; et al. Microenvironment-engineered piezoionic hydrogel nanogenerators for enhanced energy harvesting and sensing. SmartSys 2025, 1, e70004.

30. Ling, Y.; Yu, L.; Guo, Z.; et al. Single-pore nanofluidic logic memristor with reconfigurable synaptic functions and designable combinations. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 14558-65.

31. Liu, W.; Mei, T.; Cao, Z.; et al. Bioinspired carbon nanotube-based nanofluidic ionic transistor with ultrahigh switching capabilities for logic circuits. Sci. Adv. 2024, 10, eadj7867.

32. Li, Z.; Myers, S. K.; Xiao, J.; et al. Neuromorphic ionic computing in droplet interface synapses. Sci. Adv. 2025, 11, eadv6603.

33. Zhang, Y.; Tan, C. M. J.; Toepfer, C. N.; Lu, X.; Bayley, H. Microscale droplet assembly enables biocompatible multifunctional modular iontronics. Science 2024, 386, 1024-30.

34. Chapman, D. L. LI. A contribution to the theory of electrocapillarity. Lond. Edinb. Dubl. Phil. Mag. , 25, 475-81.

35. Grahame, D. C. The electrical double layer and the theory of electrocapillarity. Chem. Rev. 1947, 41, 441-501.

36. Wang, Z. L.; Wang, A. C. On the origin of contact-electrification. Mater. Today. 2019, 30, 34-51.

37. Lin, S.; Xu, L.; Chi, Wang. A.; Wang, Z. L. Quantifying electron-transfer in liquid-solid contact electrification and the formation of electric double-layer. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 399.

38. Li, X.; Wei, Y.; Gao, X.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, Z. L.; Wei, D. Harnessing triboiontronic Maxwell’s demon by triboelectric-induced polarization for efficient energy-information flow. Joule 2025, 9, 101888.

39. Li, X.; Li, R.; Li, S.; Wang, Z. L.; Wei, D. Triboiontronics with temporal control of electrical double layer formation. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 6182.

40. Engel, D.; Jonas, P. Presynaptic action potential amplification by voltage-gated Na⁺ channels in hippocampal mossy fiber boutons. Neuron 2005, 45, 405-17.

41. Oosting, P. H. Signal transmission in the nervous system. Rep. Prog. Phys. 1979, 42, 1479-532.