REFERENCES

1. Schroeder, T. B. H.; Guha, A.; Lamoureux, A.; et al. An electric-eel-inspired soft power source from stacked hydrogels. Nature 2017, 552, 214-8.

2. Kato, H. E.; Kim, Y. S.; Paggi, J. M.; et al. Structural mechanisms of selectivity and gating in anion channelrhodopsins. Nature 2018, 561, 349-54.

3. Ruan, Z.; Osei-Owusu, J.; Du, J.; Qiu, Z.; Lü, W. Structures and pH-sensing mechanism of the proton-activated chloride channel. Nature 2020, 588, 350-4.

4. Kopec, W.; Köpfer, D. A.; Vickery, O. N.; et al. Direct knock-on of desolvated ions governs strict ion selectivity in K+ channels. Nature. Chem. 2018, 10, 813-20.

5. Noskov, S. Y.; Bernèche, S.; Roux, B. Control of ion selectivity in potassium channels by electrostatic and dynamic properties of carbonyl ligands. Nature 2004, 431, 830-4.

6. Liao, X.; Song, W.; Zhang, X.; et al. A bioinspired analogous nerve towards artificial intelligence. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 268.

7. Bocquet, L. Nanofluidics coming of age. Nat. Mater. 2020, 19, 254-6.

8. Tan, R.; Wang, A.; Malpass-Evans, R.; et al. Hydrophilic microporous membranes for selective ion separation and flow-battery energy storage. Nat. Mater. 2020, 19, 195-202.

9. Song, R.; Wang, P.; Zeng, H.; et al. Nanofluidic memristive transition and synaptic emulation in atomically thin pores. Nano. Lett. 2025, 25, 5646-55.

10. Laucirica, G.; Toum-Terrones, Y.; Cayón, V. M.; Toimil-Molares, M. E.; Azzaroni, O.; Marmisollé, W. A. Advances in nanofluidic field-effect transistors: external voltage-controlled solid-state nanochannels for stimulus-responsive ion transport and beyond. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2024, 26, 10471-93.

11. Raidongia, K.; Huang, J. Nanofluidic ion transport through reconstructed layered materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 16528-31.

12. Tang, J.; Wang, Y.; Yang, H.; et al. All-natural 2D nanofluidics as highly-efficient osmotic energy generators. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 3649.

13. Zhang, H.; Yong, M.; Hu, T.; et al. Multifunctional intercalants create stable subnanochannels in MoS2 membranes for wastewater treatment. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 8353.

14. Macha, M.; Marion, S.; Nandigana, V. V. R.; Radenovic, A. 2D materials as an emerging platform for nanopore-based power generation. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2019, 4, 588-605.

15. Zhou, T.; Cheng, Q. Chemical strategies for making strong graphene materials. Angew. Chem. 2021, 133, 18545-58.

16. Liu, M.; Weston, P. J.; Hurt, R. H. Controlling nanochannel orientation and dimensions in graphene-based nanofluidic membranes. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 507.

17. Serrano-plana, J. A framework for chemists. Nature. Chem. 2025, 17, 1802.

18. Qian, C.; Zhao, X. two-dimensional heteropore covalent organic frameworks: from construction to functions. Acc. Chem. Res. 2025, 58, 1192-209.

19. Chen, Z.; Li, C.; Ge, Z.; Wu, S.; Liang, B.; Bu, X. Crystalline porous membrane devices: emerging architectures for carbon-neutral technologies. Mater. Horiz. 2025, 12, 7101-32.

20. Wang, Y.; Hu, Y.; Guo, J.; Gao, J.; Song, B.; Jiang, L. A physical derivation of high-flux ion transport in biological channel via quantum ion coherence. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 7189.

21. Gadsby, D. C. Ion channels versus ion pumps: the principal difference, in principle. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2009, 10, 344-52.

22. Roux, B. Computational studies of the gramicidin channel. Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 366-75.

23. Yan, Z.; Zhou, Q.; Wang, L.; et al. Structure of the Nav1.4-β1 complex from electric eel. Cell 2017, 170, 470-482.e11.

24. Dang, S.; Feng, S.; Tien, J.; et al. Cryo-EM structures of the TMEM16A calcium-activated chloride channel. Nature 2017, 552, 426-9.

25. Basu, D.; Haswell, E. S. The mechanosensitive ion channel MSL10 potentiates responses to cell swelling in Arabidopsis seedlings. Curr. Biol. 2020, 30, 2716-2728.e6.

26. Xu, J.; Tang, F. Voltage-dependent calcium channels, calcium binding proteins, and their interaction in the pathological process of epilepsy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2735.

27. Sanz, A.; Pike, S.; Khan, M. A.; et al. Copper uptake mechanism of Arabidopsis thaliana high-affinity COPT transporters. Protoplasma 2019, 256, 161-70.

28. Zakeri, B.; Fierer, J. O.; Celik, E.; et al. Peptide tag forming a rapid covalent bond to a protein, through engineering a bacterial adhesin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2012, 109.

29. Robin, P.; Kavokine, N.; Bocquet, L. Modeling of emergent memory and voltage spiking in ionic transport through angstrom-scale slits. Science 2021, 373, 687-91.

30. Hodgkin, A. L.; Huxley, A. F. A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J. Physiol. 1952, 117, 500-44.

31. Moujahid, A.; D'Anjou, A. Metabolic efficiency with fast spiking in the squid axon. Front. Comput. Neurosci. 2012, 6, 95.

32. Hille, B. Ionic channels in nerve membranes, 50 years on. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 2022, 169-170, 12-20.

33. Doyle, D. A.; Cabral, J. M.; Pfuetzner, R. A.; et al. The structure of the potassium channel: molecular basis of K+ conduction and selectivity. Science 1998, 280, 69-77.

34. Tempel, B. L.; Papazian, D. M.; Schwarz, T. L.; Jan, Y. N.; Jan, L. Y. Sequence of a probable potassium channel component encoded at Shaker locus of Drosophila. Science 1987, 237, 770-5.

35. Li, J.; Stein, D.; Mcmullan, C.; Branton, D.; Aziz, M. J.; Golovchenko, J. A. Ion-beam sculpting at nanometre length scales. Nature 2001, 412, 166-9.

36. Wang, M.; Hou, Y.; Yu, L.; Hou, X. Anomalies of ionic/molecular transport in nano and sub-nano confinement. Nano. Lett. 2020, 20, 6937-46.

37. Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 2004, 306, 666-9.

38. Surwade, S. P.; Smirnov, S. N.; Vlassiouk, I. V.; et al. Water desalination using nanoporous single-layer graphene. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 459-64.

39. Heiranian, M.; Farimani, A. B.; Aluru, N. R. Water desalination with a single-layer MoS2 nanopore. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 8616.

40. Nair, R. R.; Wu, H. A.; Jayaram, P. N.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Geim, A. K. Unimpeded permeation of water through helium-leak-tight graphene-based membranes. Science 2012, 335, 442-4.

41. Bunck, D. N.; Dichtel, W. R. Bulk synthesis of exfoliated two-dimensional polymers using hydrazone-linked covalent organic frameworks. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 14952-5.

42. Jung, M.; Kim, H.; Baek, K.; Kim, K. Synthetic ion channel based on metal-organic polyhedra. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 5755-7.

43. Zhang, H.; Hou, J.; Hu, Y.; et al. Ultrafast selective transport of alkali metal ions in metal organic frameworks with subnanometer pores. Sci. Adv. 2018, 4, eaaq0066.

44. Zhang, P.; Chen, S.; Zhu, C.; et al. Covalent organic framework nanofluidic membrane as a platform for highly sensitive bionic thermosensation. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 1844.

45. Bing, S.; Xian, W.; Chen, S.; et al. Bio-inspired construction of ion conductive pathway in covalent organic framework membranes for efficient lithium extraction. Matter 2021, 4, 2027-38.

46. Yang, J.; Tu, B.; Zhang, G.; et al. Advancing osmotic power generation by covalent organic framework monolayer. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2022, 17, 622-8.

47. Zuo, P.; Ye, C.; Jiao, Z.; et al. Near-frictionless ion transport within triazine framework membranes. Nature 2023, 617, 299-305.

48. Xu, T.; Wu, B.; Li, W.; et al. Perfect confinement of crown ethers in MOF membrane for complete dehydration and fast transport of monovalent ions. Sci. Adv. 2024, 10, eadn0944.

49. Zhang, Z.; Wen, L.; Jiang, L. Nanofluidics for osmotic energy conversion. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2021, 6, 622-39.

50. Xu, Q.; Tao, S.; Jiang, Q.; Jiang, D. Designing covalent organic frameworks with a tailored ionic interface for ion transport across one-dimensional channels. Angew. Chem. 2020, 132, 4587-93.

51. Gou, F.; Yao, Y.; Wang, Q.; et al. Flexible crown-ether polyimides break the K+/Na+ selectivity barrier in artificial K+ channels. Angew. Chem. 2026, 138, e20146.

52. Sun, Q.; Dou, P.; Du, J.; et al. Biomimetic KcsA channels enabled by 1D MOF-in-2D COF. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 9099.

53. Kong, Y.; Lyu, B.; Fan, C.; et al. Manipulation of cationic group density in covalent organic framework membranes for efficient anion transport. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 27984-92.

54. Mous, S.; Gotthard, G.; Ehrenberg, D.; et al. Dynamics and mechanism of a light-driven chloride pump. Science 2022, 375, 845-51.

55. Zhou, Y.; Xiong, T.; Lu, J.; et al. Highly-efficient ion gating through self-assembled two-dimensional photothermal metal-organic framework membrane. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202302997.

56. Lei, D.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, Y.; et al. Nature-inspired solid-state proton diode membrane for high-performance force-electric conversion. Nat. Commun. 2026, 17, 3138.

57. Wang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, J.; et al. In situ synthesized HOF ion rectification membrane with ultrahigh permselectivity for nanofluidic osmotic energy harvesting. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2412477.

58. Wang, M.; Xiong, Q.; Yue, X.; et al. Cooperative and inhibitory ion transport in functionalized angstrom-scale two-dimensional channels. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 5854.

59. Enke, U.; Schweinitz, A.; Tewari, D.; et al. HCN1 is a primary HCN pacemaker channel in neurons. Nat. Commun. 2026, 17, 3745.

60. Wang, J.; Zhang, J.; Jin, P.; et al. A covalent organic framework membrane with highly selective and permeable artificial sodium channels via ion recognition. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 7346.

61. Xue, Y.; Xia, Y.; Yang, S.; et al. Atomic-scale ion transistor with ultrahigh diffusivity. Science 2021, 372, 501-3.

62. Epsztein, R.; Duchanois, R. M.; Ritt, C. L.; Noy, A.; Elimelech, M. Towards single-species selectivity of membranes with subnanometre pores. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2020, 15, 426-36.

63. Gao, J.; Feng, Y.; Guo, W.; Jiang, L. Nanofluidics in two-dimensional layered materials: inspirations from nature. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 5400-24.

64. Yu, X.; Ren, W. Ion and water transport in 2D nanofluidic channels. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2313968.

65. Vlassiouk, I.; Smirnov, S.; Siwy, Z. Ionic selectivity of single nanochannels. Nano. Lett. 2008, 8, 1978-85.

66. Zhang, X.; Song, B.; Jiang, L. Driving force of molecular/ionic superfluid formation. CCS. Chem. 2021, 3, 1258-66.

67. Zhou, K.; Xu, Z. Ion permeability and selectivity in composite nanochannels: engineering through the end effects. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2020, 124, 4890-8.

68. Lai, Z.; Ai, Y.; Xian, W.; et al. Covalent-organic-framework membrane with aligned dipole moieties for biomimetic regulable ion transport. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2409356.

69. Schoch, R. B.; Han, J.; Renaud, P. Transport phenomena in nanofluidics. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2008, 80, 839-83.

70. Bocquet, L.; Charlaix, E. Nanofluidics, from bulk to interfaces. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 1073-95.

71. Zhang, W.; Zhang, A.; Zhou, W.; Ji, Y.; Xu, Z.; Sun, P. Revisiting ion transport through micropores: significant and non-negligible surface transport. Nanoscale. Horiz. 2026, 11, 795-802.

72. Chen, L.; Tu, B.; Lu, X.; et al. Unidirectional ion transport in nanoporous carbon membranes with a hierarchical pore architecture. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 4650.

73. Esfandiar, A.; Radha, B.; Wang, F. C.; et al. Size effect in ion transport through angstrom-scale slits. Science 2017, 358, 511-3.

74. Richards, L. A.; Schäfer, A. I.; Richards, B. S.; Corry, B. The importance of dehydration in determining ion transport in narrow pores. Small 2012, 8, 1701-9.

75. Sahu, S.; Di Ventra, M.; Zwolak, M. Dehydration as a universal mechanism for ion selectivity in graphene and other atomically thin pores. Nano. Lett. 2017, 17, 4719-24.

76. Rollings, R. C.; Kuan, A. T.; Golovchenko, J. A. Ion selectivity of graphene nanopores. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 11408.

77. Alibakhshi, M. A.; Kang, X.; Clymer, D.; et al. Scaled-up synthesis of freestanding molybdenum disulfide membranes for nanopore sensing. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2207089.

78. Cao, Z.; Liu, V.; Barati Farimani, A. Why is single-layer MoS2 a more energy efficient membrane for water desalination? ACS. Energy. Lett. 2020, 5, 2217-22.

79. Lee, M. K.; Shokouhimehr, M.; Kim, S. Y.; Jang, H. W. Two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks and covalent-organic frameworks for electrocatalysis: distinct merits by the reduced dimension. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2022, 12, 2003990.

80. Chen, X.; Zhang, H.; Liu, S.; Zhou, Y.; Jiang, L. Engineering polymeric nanofluidic membranes for efficient ionic transport: biomimetic design, material construction, and advanced functionalities. ACS. Nano. 2022, 16, 17613-40.

81. Mo, R.; Chen, S.; Huang, L.; et al. Regulating ion affinity and dehydration of metal-organic framework sub-nanochannels for high-precision ion separation. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 2145.

82. Zhang, Z.; Shen, W.; Lin, L.; et al. Vertically transported graphene oxide for high-performance osmotic energy conversion. Adv. Sci. 2020, 7, 2000286.

83. Lan, X.; Li, Z.; Zhao, C.; et al. Superionic composite electrolytes with continuously perpendicular-aligned pathways for pressure-less all-solid-state lithium batteries. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2026, 21, 388-96.

84. Wang, S.; Yang, L.; He, G.; et al. Two-dimensional nanochannel membranes for molecular and ionic separations. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 1071-89.

85. Naren, T.; Gu, Q.; Jiang, R.; et al. Nanoconfined polymerization facilitates efficient Li+ transportation in quasi-solid electrolytes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202509921.

86. Gong, Y.; Sun, P.; Ji, Y. Atomically thin sieves: two-dimensional materials for membrane separation. Adv. Phys. Res. 2026, 5, e00183.

87. Kim, S.; Choi, H.; Kim, B.; et al. Extreme ion-transport inorganic 2D membranes for nanofluidic applications. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2206354.

88. Corry, B. Designing carbon nanotube membranes for efficient water desalination. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2008, 112, 1427-34.

89. Konatham, D.; Yu, J.; Ho, T. A.; Striolo, A. Simulation insights for graphene-based water desalination membranes. Langmuir 2013, 29, 11884-97.

90. Zhao, S.; Xue, J.; Kang, W. Ion selection of charge-modified large nanopores in a graphene sheet. J. Chem. Phys. 2013, 139, 114702.

91. Suk, M. E.; Aluru, N. R. Ion transport in sub-5-nm graphene nanopores. J. Chem. Phys. 2014, 140, 084707.

92. Wang, L.; Boutilier, M. S. H.; Kidambi, P. R.; Jang, D.; Hadjiconstantinou, N. G.; Karnik, R. Fundamental transport mechanisms, fabrication and potential applications of nanoporous atomically thin membranes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2017, 12, 509-22.

93. Liao, S.; Liu, Y.; Li, L.; Ding, L.; Wei, Y.; Wang, H. Theoretical framework for confined ion transport in two-dimensional nanochannels. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 6675.

94. Robin, P.; Emmerich, T.; Ismail, A.; et al. Long-term memory and synapse-like dynamics in two-dimensional nanofluidic channels. Science 2023, 379, 161-7.

95. Matile, S., Sakai, N., Hennig, A. Transport experiments in membranes. In Supramolecular chemistry; Gale, P. A., Steed, J. W., Eds.; Wiley, 2012.

96. Rideau, E.; Dimova, R.; Schwille, P.; Wurm, F. R.; Landfester, K. Liposomes and polymersomes: a comparative review towards cell mimicking. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 8572-610.

97. Valkenier, H.; López mora, N.; Kros, A.; Davis, A. P. Visualization and quantification of transmembrane ion transport into giant unilamellar vesicles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 2137-41.

98. Shen, J.; R, D.; Li, Z.; et al. Sulfur-containing foldamer-based artificial lithium channels. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202305623.

99. Wu, B.; Yan, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Ji, C.; Lin, Y.; Lang, C. Ions in motion: from biological channels to engineered transport systems. Giant 2025, 22, 100352.

100. Ren, C.; Zeng, F.; Shen, J.; et al. Pore-forming monopeptides as exceptionally active anion channels. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 8817-26.

101. Lee, C.; Joly, L.; Siria, A.; Biance, A.; Fulcrand, R.; Bocquet, L. Large apparent electric size of solid-state nanopores due to spatially extended surface conduction. Nano. Lett. 2012, 12, 4037-44.

102. Sheng, Q.; Xie, Y.; Li, J.; Wang, X.; Xue, J. Transporting an ionic-liquid/water mixture in a conical nanochannel: a nanofluidic memristor. Chem. Commun. 2017, 53, 6125-7.

103. Siria, A.; Poncharal, P.; Biance, A.; et al. Giant osmotic energy conversion measured in a single transmembrane boron nitride nanotube. Nature 2013, 494, 455-8.

104. Emmerich, T.; Teng, Y.; Ronceray, N.; et al. Nanofluidic logic with mechano-ionic memristive switches. Nat. Electron. 2024, 7, 271-8.

105. Soni, N.; Chandra Verma, N.; Talor, N.; Meller, A. Over 30-fold enhancement in DNA translocation dynamics through nanoscale pores coated with an anionic surfactant. Nano. Lett. 2023, 23, 4609-16.

106. Zhao, K.; Lee, W.; Rezaei, M.; et al. Tuning pore size in graphene in the angstrom regime for highly selective ion-ion separation. ACS. Nano. 2024, acsnano.3c11068.

107. Sorgato, M. C.; Keller, B. U.; Stühmer, W. Patch-clamping of the inner mitochondrial membrane reveals a voltage-dependent ion channel. Nature 1987, 330, 498-500.

108. Kodirov, S. A. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording and parameters. Biophys. Rev. 2023, 15, 257-88.

109. Maher, J.; Allen, M. Planar lipid bilayers in recombinant ion channel research. Methods 2018, 147, 206-12.

110. Luo, J.; Qiao, R.; Ding, B. Enhancement of ion selectivity and permeability in two-dimensional material membranes. Matter 2024, 7, 3351-89.

111. Wang, D.; Li, J.; Chen, B. Reticular design of hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs): from structure tuning to function customization. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2026, 65, e8641245.

112. Jiang, H.; Alezi, D.; Eddaoudi, M. A reticular chemistry guide for the design of periodic solids. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2021, 6, 466-87.

113. Lu, L.; Li, L.; Chu, M.; et al. Recent Advancement in 2D metal-organic framework for environmental remediation: a review. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2419433.

114. Zheng, Y.; Sun, F. Z.; Han, X.; Xu, J.; Bu, X. H. Recent progress in 2D metal-organic frameworks for optical applications. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2020, 8, 2000110.

115. Zhang, Y.; Yang, L.; Yang, Y.; et al. Bidirectional light-driven ion transport through porphyrin metal-organic framework-based van der Waals heterostructures via pH-induced band alignment inversion. CCS. Chem. 2022, 4, 3329-41.

116. Maeda, H.; Sakamoto, R.; Nishihara, H. Coordination programming of two-dimensional metal complex frameworks. Langmuir 2016, 32, 2527-38.

117. Dou, J.; Sun, L.; Ge, Y.; et al. Signature of metallic behavior in the metal-organic frameworks M3(hexaiminobenzene)2 (M = Ni, Cu). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 13608-11.

118. Roh, H.; Su, A. Y.; Oh, C.; et al. Turning 2D MOFs into mixed ionic-electronic conductors via side chain engineering. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 38419-27.

119. Liang, R.; Jiang, S.; A, R.; Zhao, X. Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks with hierarchical porosity. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 3920-51.

120. Li, J.; Zhou, X.; Wang, J.; Li, X. Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for membrane separation: a mini review. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2019, 58, 15394-406.

121. Geng, K.; He, T.; Liu, R.; et al. Covalent organic frameworks: design, synthesis, and functions. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 8814-933.

122. Cao, L.; Liu, X.; Shinde, D. B.; et al. Oriented two-dimensional covalent organic framework membranes with high ion flux and smart gating nanofluidic transport. Angew. Chem. 2022, 134, e202113141.

123. Yin, Q.; Zhao, P.; Sa, R. J.; et al. An ultra-robust and crystalline redeemable hydrogen-bonded organic framework for synergistic chemo-photodynamic therapy. Angew. Chem. 2018, 130, 7817-22.

124. Karmakar, A.; Illathvalappil, R.; Anothumakkool, B.; et al. Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs): a new class of porous crystalline proton-conducting materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 10667-71.

125. Song, X.; Wang, Y.; Wang, C.; et al. Design rules of hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks with high chemical and thermal stabilities. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 10663-87.

126. Lin, Z.; Qin, J.; Zhan, X.; Wu, K.; Cao, G.; Chen, B. Robust mesoporous functional hydrogen-bonded organic framework for hypochlorite detection. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2022, 14, 21098-105.

127. Lin, Z.; Mahammed, S. A. R.; Liu, T.; Cao, R. Multifunctional porous hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks: current status and future perspectives. ACS. Cent. Sci. 2022, 8, 1589-608.

128. Zhou, H.; Long, J. R.; Yaghi, O. M. Introduction to metal-organic frameworks. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 673-4.

129. Huang, N.; Wang, P.; Jiang, D. Covalent organic frameworks: a materials platform for structural and functional designs. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2016, 1, 16068.

130. Zhang, J.; Yue, R.; Yang, K.; et al. Ion-exchange membranes based on framework materials for hydrogen-electrical energy interconversion. Joule 2026, 10, 102215.

131. Sheng, F.; Ge, L.; Li, X.; Xu, T. Covalent organic framework membranes for selective ion separation. Commun. Mater. 2026, 7, 33.

132. Li, W.; Li, Y.; Caro, J.; Huang, A. Fabrication of a flexible hydrogen-bonded organic framework based mixed matrix membrane for hydrogen separation. J. Membr. Sci. 2022, 643, 120021.

133. Chen, C.; Shen, L.; Lin, H.; Zhao, D.; Li, B.; Chen, B. Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks for membrane separation. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2024, 53, 2738-60.

134. Wang, H.; Jiao, W. N.; Zhu, W. D.; et al. Stepwise post-modification of pyridine-imine COFs for enhanced hydrolytic stability and proton conductivity. Angew. Chem. 2025, 137, e202511559.

135. Huang, Z.; Yi, J.; Xing, Z.; et al. Robust linkage-encoded covalent organic framework membranes sustain selective ion transport for energy harvesting from concentrated acids. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2026, 65, e5918512.

136. Yin, Q.; Alexandrov, E. V.; Si, D. H.; et al. Metallization-prompted robust porphyrin-based hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 134, e202115854.

137. Kang, Z.; Guo, H.; Fan, L.; et al. Scalable crystalline porous membranes: current state and perspectives. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 1913-44.

138. Yang, L.; Cao, L. N.; Li, S.; et al. MOFs/MXene nano-hierarchical porous structures for efficient ion dynamics. Nano. Energy. 2024, 129, 110076.

139. Chhowalla, M. Editor’s choice: advancements in nanoconfined materials for osmotic power generation. MRS. Energy. Sustain. 2024, 11, 192.

140. Dou, H.; Xu, M.; Wang, B.; et al. Microporous framework membranes for precise molecule/ion separations. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 986-1029.

141. Yang, R.; Fan, Y.; Mei, L.; et al. Synthesis of atomically thin sheets by the intercalation-based exfoliation of layered materials. Nat. Synth. 2023, 2, 101-18.

142. Jian, M.; Qiu, R.; Xia, Y.; et al. Ultrathin water-stable metal-organic framework membranes for ion separation. Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eaay3998.

143. Yin, Q.; Pang, K.; Feng, Y.; et al. Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks in solution enables continuous and high-crystalline membranes. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 634.

144. Yang, Q.; Kang, B.; Han, W.; et al. Aqueous-phase preparation of high-quality COF nanofiltration membranes for dye/salt separation. J. Membr. Sci. 2026, 741, 125070.

145. Duan, J.; Wang, X.; Li, W.; et al. Solvent-resistant poly HOF membranes with well-defined nanostructures and high structural stability. Nano. Res. 2025, 18, 94907406.

146. Feng, S.; Shang, Y.; Wang, Z.; et al. Inside cover: fabrication of a hydrogen-bonded organic framework membrane through solution processing for pressure-regulated gas separation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 3750.

147. Dey, K.; Pal, M.; Rout, K. C.; et al. Selective molecular separation by interfacially crystallized covalent organic framework thin films. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 13083-91.

148. Jiang, W.; Zhou, J.; Zhong, X.; et al. Axial alignment of covalent organic framework membranes for giant osmotic energy harvesting. Nat. Sustain. 2025, 8, 446-55.

149. Matsumoto, M.; Valentino, L.; Stiehl, G. M.; et al. Lewis-acid-catalyzed interfacial polymerization of covalent organic framework films. Chem 2018, 4, 308-17.

150. Ji, Y.; Gu, B.; Huo, H.; et al. Roll-to-roll fabrication of large-area metal-organic framework-based membranes for high-performance aqueous separations. Nat. Water. 2024, 2, 183-92.

151. Li, Y.; Wee, L. H.; Volodin, A.; Martens, J. A.; Vankelecom, I. F. J. Polymer supported ZIF-8 membranes prepared via an interfacial synthesis method. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 918-20.

152. Feng, Y.; Kang, Z.; Wang, Z.; et al. Preprocessed monomer interfacial polymerization for scalable fabrication of high-valent cluster-based metal-organic framework membranes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 33452-60.

153. Yue, L.; Kong, F.; Wang, Y.; Sun, G.; Zhou, A.; Chen, J. Evolution of morphology, structure, and performance of the COF membranes with monomer concentrations: Enabling effective desalination and kinetics analysis. Desalination 2024, 583, 117712.

154. Pan, Y.; Yu, G.; Gao, L.; et al. Ultra-rapid preparation of large-area high-crystallinity covalent organic framework membranes. Nat. Commun. 2025, 17, 857.

155. Liu, Y.; Ng, Z.; Khan, E. A.; Jeong, H.; Ching, C.; Lai, Z. Synthesis of continuous MOF-5 membranes on porous α-alumina substrates. Microporous. Mesoporous. Mater. 2009, 118, 296-301.

156. Fan, H.; Gu, J.; Meng, H.; Knebel, A.; Caro, J. High-flux membranes based on the covalent organic framework COF-LZU1 for selective dye separation by nanofiltration. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 4083-7.

157. Cheng, Y.; Datta, S. J.; Zhou, S.; Jia, J.; Shekhah, O.; Eddaoudi, M. Advances in metal-organic framework-based membranes. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2022, 51, 8300-50.

158. Zhang, Z.; Jiao, J.; Jiang, Y.; et al. Defect engineering strategy of in-situ grown COF-300 nanofiltration membranes for selective dye separation. J. Membr. Sci. 2026, 742, 125166.

159. Nunes, S. P.; Culfaz-emecen, P. Z.; Ramon, G. Z.; et al. Thinking the future of membranes: Perspectives for advanced and new membrane materials and manufacturing processes. J. Membr. Sci. 2020, 598, 117761.

160. Pu, Y.; Zhao, M.; Liang, X.; et al. Growing ZIF-8 seeds on charged COF substrates toward efficient propylene-propane separation membranes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202302355.

161. Zhai, M.; Moghadam, F.; Gosiamemang, T.; Heng, J. Y. Y.; Li, K. Facile orientation control of MOF-303 hollow fiber membranes by a dual-source seeding method. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 10264.

162. Chowdhury, M. R.; Steffes, J.; Huey, B. D.; Mccutcheon, J. R. 3D printed polyamide membranes for desalination. Science 2018, 361, 682-6.

163. Yuan, K.; Song, T.; Yang, C.; et al. Polymer-assisted space-confined strategy for the foot-scale synthesis of flexible metal-organic framework-based composite films. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 17526-34.

164. Liu, K.; Qi, H.; Dong, R.; et al. On-water surface synthesis of crystalline, few-layer two-dimensional polymers assisted by surfactant monolayers. Nature. Chem. 2019, 11, 994-1000.

165. Noh, J.; Jeong, S.; Lee, J. Ultrafast formation of air-processable and high-quality polymer films on an aqueous substrate. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 12374.

166. Zhang, E.; Ding, S.; Feng, G.; et al. Chiral covalent organic framework for highly efficient spin polarization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2026, 148, 21305-12.

167. Paul, S.; Pearson, C.; Molloy, A.; et al. Langmuir-Blodgett film deposition of metallic nanoparticles and their application to electronic memory structures. Nano. Lett. 2003, 3, 533-6.

168. Chokprasombat, K.; Sirisathitkul, C.; Ratphonsan, P. Liquid-air interface self-assembly: a facile method to fabricate long-range nanoparticle monolayers. Surf. Sci. 2014, 621, 162-7.

169. Fang, C.; Yoon, I.; Hubble, D.; Tran, T.; Kostecki, R.; Liu, G. Recent applications of Langmuir-Blodgett technique in battery research. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2022, 14, 2431-9.

170. Zong, J.; Ma, W.; Jiang, Y.; et al. Giant osmotic power density generation with an anion-selective AB-stacking covalent-organic framework bilayer. Innovation 2025, 6, 100908.

171. Makiura, R.; Motoyama, S.; Umemura, Y.; Yamanaka, H.; Sakata, O.; Kitagawa, H. Surface nano-architecture of a metal-organic framework. Nat. Mater. 2010, 9, 565-71.

172. Gu, W.; Li, Q.; Wang, R.; Zhang, L.; Liu, Z.; Jiao, T. Recent progress in the applications of Langmuir-Blodgett film technology. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 1039.

173. Lu, G.; Shang, W.; Ma, X.; et al. Supramolecular nanocrystalline membranes with well-aligned subnanochannels for enhanced reverse osmosis desalination. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 6289.

174. Mao, K.; Liu, C.; Ni, A.; et al. Optimization of ion transport in two-dimensional nanofluidic membranes for osmotic energy conversion. Mater. Today. 2025, 82, 274-88.

175. Xiao, K.; Yang, T.; Liang, J.; et al. Nanofluidic voidless electrode for electrochemical capacitance enhancement in gel electrolyte. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 5515.

176. Wang, F.; Zhang, Z.; Shakir, I.; Yu, C.; Xu, Y. 2D Polymer nanosheets for membrane separation. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2103814.

177. Rao, A. K.; Bolorinos, J.; Musabandesu, E.; Chapin, F. T.; Mauter, M. S. Valuing energy flexibility from water systems. Nat. Water. 2024, 2, 1028-37.

178. Abdullah, N.; Yusof, N.; Ismail, A.; Lau, W. Insights into metal-organic frameworks-integrated membranes for desalination process: a review. Desalination 2021, 500, 114867.

179. Tripathy, D. B. Recent advances on 2D metal organic framework (MOF) membrane for waste water treatment and desalination. Desalination 2024, 592, 118183.

180. Zhao, S.; Jiang, C.; Fan, J.; et al. Hydrophilicity gradient in covalent organic frameworks for membrane distillation. Nat. Mater. 2021, 20, 1551-8.

181. Gravelle, S.; Joly, L.; Detcheverry, F.; Ybert, C.; Cottin-Bizonne, C.; Bocquet, L. Optimizing water permeability through the hourglass shape of aquaporins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013, 110, 16367-72.

182. Wei, X.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, F.; et al. Covalent organic framework membrane with hourglass-shaped nanochannels for ultrafast desalination. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 8125.

183. Xiao, K.; Jiang, L.; Antonietti, M. Ion transport in nanofluidic devices for energy harvesting. Joule 2019, 3, 2364-80.

184. Wang, P.; Tao, W.; Zhou, T.; et al. Nanoarchitectonics in advanced membranes for enhanced osmotic energy harvesting. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2404418.

185. Lin, W.; Huang, T.; Bai, C.; et al. Novel ultrastable 2D MOF/MXene nanofluidic membrane with ultralow resistance for highly efficient osmotic power harvesting. Nano. Energy. 2024, 128, 109924.

186. Xie, B.; Xiong, T.; Li, W.; et al. Perspective on nanofluidic memristors: from mechanism to application. Chem-Asian. J. 2022, 17, e202200682.

187. Zhang, M.; Xu, G.; Zhang, H.; Xiao, K. Nanofluidic volatile threshold switching ionic memristor: a perspective. ACS. Nano. 2025, 19, 10589-98.

188. Xu, G.; Zhang, M.; Mei, T.; Liu, W.; Wang, L.; Xiao, K. Nanofluidic ionic memristors. ACS. Nano. 2024, acsnano.4c06467.

189. Zhang, P.; Xia, M.; Zhuge, F.; et al. Nanochannel-based transport in an interfacial memristor can emulate the analog weight modulation of synapses. Nano. Lett. 2019, 19, 4279-86.

190. Yu, S.; Hu, J.; Li, Z.; et al. Metal-organic framework nanofluidic synapse. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 27022-9.

191. Sun, P. Z.; Yang, Q.; Kuang, W. J.; et al. Limits on gas impermeability of graphene. Nature 2020, 579, 229-32.

192. Wahab, O. J.; Daviddi, E.; Xin, B.; et al. Proton transport through nanoscale corrugations in two-dimensional crystals. Nature 2023, 620, 782-6.

193. Casciola, M.; Alberti, G.; Sganappa, M.; Narducci, R. On the decay of Nafion proton conductivity at high temperature and relative humidity. J. Power. Sources. 2006, 162, 141-5.

194. Sun, P. Z.; Yagmurcukardes, M.; Zhang, R.; et al. Exponentially selective molecular sieving through angstrom pores. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 7170.

195. Wu, Z. F.; Sun, P. Z.; Wahab, O. J.; et al. Proton and molecular permeation through the basal plane of monolayer graphene oxide. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 7756.

196. Mogg, L.; Hao, G.; Zhang, S.; et al. Atomically thin micas as proton-conducting membranes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2019, 14, 962-6.

197. Ji, Y.; Hao, G.; Tan, Y.; et al. High proton conductivity through angstrom-porous titania. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 10546.

198. Zhu, L.; Yang, H.; Xu, T.; Shen, F.; Si, C. Precision-engineered construction of proton-conducting metal-organic frameworks. Nano-Micro. Lett. 2024, 17, 87.

199. Kidambi, P. R.; Chaturvedi, P.; Moehring, N. K. Subatomic species transport through atomically thin membranes: present and future applications. Science 2021, 374, eabd7687.

200. Dasgupta, S.; Saha, S.; Paesani, F. Sub-nanometer confinement suppresses autoionization of water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 25167-73.

201. Wang, R.; Souilamas, M.; Esfandiar, A.; et al. In-plane dielectric constant and conductivity of confined water. Nature 2025, 646, 606-10.

202. Shimizu, G. K. H.; Taylor, J. M.; Kim, S. Proton conduction with metal-organic frameworks. Science 2013, 341, 354-5.

203. Lim, D.; Kitagawa, H. Proton transport in metal-organic frameworks. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 8416-67.

204. Shi, B.; Pang, X.; Li, S.; et al. Short hydrogen-bond network confined on COF surfaces enables ultrahigh proton conductivity. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 6666.

205. Fang, R.; Han, Z.; Li, J.; et al. Rationalized design of hyperbranched trans-scale graphene arrays for enduring high-energy lithium metal batteries. Sci. Adv. 2022, 8, eadc9961.

206. Hong, Z.; Yuan, H.; Wu, H.; et al. 2D Vertically conductive metal-organic framework electrolytes: will they outperform 3D MOFs for solid state batteries? Small 2025, 21, 2408394.

207. Song, C.; Pan, L.; Wu, J.; et al. Bioinspired interfacial nanofluidic layer enabling high-rate and dendrite-free lithium metal negative electrodes. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 8056.

208. Bai, S.; Liu, X.; Zhu, K.; Wu, S.; Zhou, H. Metal-organic framework-based separator for lithium-sulfur batteries. Nat. Energy. 2016, 1, 16094.

209. Song, C.; Pan, L.; Chen, L.; et al. Nanofluidic-enhanced high-mass-loading electrodes for energy-dense and high-rate lithium-sulfur batteries. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2025, 18, 8244-55.

210. Emmerich, T.; Ronceray, N.; Agrawal, K. V.; et al. Nanofluidics. Nat. Rev. Methods. Primers. 2024, 4, 69.

211. Tian, Y.; Song, Y.; Xia, Y.; et al. Nanoscale one-dimensional close packing of interfacial alkali ions driven by water-mediated attraction. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2023, 19, 479-84.

212. Wang, B.; Fang, Z.; Jiang, Q.; et al. Interlayer confined water enabled pseudocapacitive sodium-ion storage in nonaqueous electrolyte. ACS. Nano. 2024, 18, 798-808.

213. Ge, K.; Shao, H.; Lin, Z.; Taberna, P.; Simon, P. Advanced characterization of confined electrochemical interfaces in electrochemical capacitors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2025, 20, 196-208.

214. Smirnov, S. N.; Vlassiouk, I. V.; Lavrik, N. V. Voltage-gated hydrophobic nanopores. ACS. Nano. 2011, 5, 7453-61.

215. Haigh, S. J.; Gholinia, A.; Jalil, R.; et al. Cross-sectional imaging of individual layers and buried interfaces of graphene-based heterostructures and superlattices. Nat. Mater. 2012, 11, 764-7.

216. Zou, K.; Ling, H.; Wang, Q.; et al. Turing-type nanochannel membranes with extrinsic ion transport pathways for high-efficiency osmotic energy harvesting. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 10231.

217. Comtet, J.; Grosjean, B.; Glushkov, E.; et al. Direct observation of water-mediated single-proton transport between hBN surface defects. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2020, 15, 598-604.

218. Hou, Y.; Hou, X. Bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics. Science 2021, 373, 628-9.

219. Kumar, M.; Stone, H. A. Membrane science emerging as a convergent scientific field with molecular origins and understanding, and global impact. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2021, 118, e2106494118.