REFERENCES
1. Auer, T. O.; Khallaf, M. A.; Silbering, A. F.; et al. Olfactory receptor and circuit evolution promote host specialization. Nature 2020, 579, 402-8.
2. Korsching, S. I. Evolution of vertebrate olfactory receptor repertoires and their function. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 2025, 61, 101483.
3. Shepherd, G. M. Smell images and the flavour system in the human brain. Nature 2006, 444, 316-21.
4. Guerrini, L.; Garcia-Rico, E.; Pazos-Perez, N.; Alvarez-Puebla, R. A. Smelling, seeing, tasting-old senses for new sensing. ACS. Nano. 2017, 11, 5217-22.
6. Buzek, A.; Serwańska-Leja, K.; Zaworska-Zakrzewska, A.; Kasprowicz-Potocka, M. The shape of the nasal cavity and adaptations to sniffing in the dog (canis familiaris) compared to other domesticated mammals: a review article. Animals. (Basel). 2022, 12, 517.
7. Kokocińska-Kusiak, A.; Woszczyło, M.; Zybala, M.; Maciocha, J.; Barłowska, K.; Dzięcioł, M. Canine olfaction: physiology, behavior, and possibilities for practical applications. Animals. (Basel). 2021, 11, 2463.
8. Zhao, Z.; Yang, Q.; Li, R.; et al. A comprehensive review on the evolution of bio-inspired sensors from aquatic creatures. Cell. Rep. Phys. Sci. 2024, 5, 102064.
9. Abel, R. L.; Maclaine, J. S.; Cotton, R.; et al. Functional morphology of the nasal region of a hammerhead shark. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol. 2010, 155, 464-75.
10. Rygg, A. D.; van Duin, A. C.; Craven, B. A. Molecular dynamics simulations of water/mucus partition coefficients for feeding stimulants in fish and the implications for olfaction. PLoS. ONE. 2013, 8, e72271.
11. Kaczmarek, P.; Hermyt, M.; Rupik, W. Embryology of the VNO and associated structures in the grass snake Natrix natrix (Squamata: Naticinae): a 3D perspective. Front. Zool. 2017, 14, 1.
12. Holtzman, D. A.; Halpern, M. Embryonic and neonatal development of the vomeronasal and olfactory systems in garter snakes (Thamnophis spp.). J. Morphol. 1990, 203, 123-40.
13. Kaupp, U. B. Olfactory signalling in vertebrates and insects: differences and commonalities. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2010, 11, 188-200.
14. Ando, T.; Sekine, S.; Inagaki, S.; et al. Nanopore formation in the cuticle of an insect olfactory sensillum. Curr. Biol. 2019, 29, 1512-1520.e6.
15. Chu, W.; Yang, M.; Shang, Z.; et al. Machine learning assisted nanofluidic array for multiprotein detection. ACS. Nano. 2025, 19, 8539-51.
16. Emmerich, T.; Ronceray, N.; Agrawal, K. V.; et al. Nanofluidics. Nat. Rev. Methods. Primers. 2024, 4, 69.
18. Ling, H.; Kong, X.; Wen, L. Ionic superfluidics: a perspective on emerging frameworks for ion transport in confined channels. Iontronics 2025, 1, 6.
19. Brunet, T.; King, N. The origin of animal multicellularity and cell differentiation. Dev. Cell. 2017, 43, 124-40.
20. Fulton, K. A.; Zimmerman, D.; Samuel, A.; Vogt, K.; Datta, S. R. Common principles for odour coding across vertebrates and invertebrates. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2024, 25, 453-72.
21. Bhandawat, V.; Reisert, J.; Yau, K. W. Elementary response of olfactory receptor neurons to odorants. Science 2005, 308, 1931-4.
22. Wicher, D.; Schäfer, R.; Bauernfeind, R.; et al. Drosophila odorant receptors are both ligand-gated and cyclic-nucleotide-activated cation channels. Nature 2008, 452, 1007-11.
23. Li, Z.; Huang, L.; Wang, K.; Xia, X. Developing solid-state single-, arrayed-, and composite-nanopore sensors for biochemical sensing applications. Acc. Mater. Res. 2024, 5, 761-71.
24. Cai, J.; Zhang, W.; Xu, L.; et al. Polarization-sensitive optoionic membranes from chiral plasmonic nanoparticles. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2022, 17, 408-16.
25. Li, X.; Zhu, C.; Wu, Y.; Kong, X. Y.; Wen, L. Bioinspired solid-state nanochannels for molecular analysis. Nanoscale 2025, 17, 1225-37.
26. Lee, S.; Cha, J.; Shin, S.; et al. Corona dynamics of nanoparticles and their functional design space in molecular sensing. ACS. Nano. 2025, 19, 24653-68.
27. Park, Y.; Kim, H.; Ranjith, K. S.; et al. Facile and tunable ligand engineering of nanofiber-embedded perovskite quantum dots for ammonia sensing. Adv. Fiber. Mater. 2026, 668.
28. Ge, C.; Wang, Y.; Wang, M.; et al. Silk fibroin-regulated nanochannels for flexible hydrovoltaic ion sensing. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, e2310260.
29. Liu, P.; Zheng, M.; Wang, Y.; et al. Photoactivated ion transport: role of intrinsic defects and plasmonics for efficient ionic power harvesting. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 26944-54.
30. Hu, X.; Xu, H.; Lu, J.; et al. Selective ion transport of nonlinear resistive switching by hierarchical nanometer-to-angstrom channels for nanofluidic transistors. Sci. Adv. 2025, 11, eadw7882.
31. Garaj, S.; Hubbard, W.; Reina, A.; Kong, J.; Branton, D.; Golovchenko, J. A. Graphene as a subnanometre trans-electrode membrane. Nature 2010, 467, 190-3.
32. Xiao, K.; Xie, G.; Li, P.; et al. A biomimetic multi-stimuli-response ionic gate using a hydroxypyrene derivation-functionalized asymmetric single nanochannel. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 6560-5.
33. Lee, W.; Park, S. J. Porous anodic aluminum oxide: anodization and templated synthesis of functional nanostructures. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 7487-556.
34. Meng, D.; Li, C.; Hao, C.; et al. Interfacial self‐assembly of chiral selenide nanomembrane for enantiospecific recognition. Angew. Chem. 2023, 135, e202311416.
35. Zhu, C.; Wu, Y.; Li, X.; et al. Engineered nanofluidics for molecular recognition and physical perception. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2025, 64, e202506689.
36. Li, X.; Wang, Z. L.; Wei, D. Iontronic logic control driven by dynamic electrical double layer regulation. Iontronics 2025, 1, 2.
37. Li, X.; Cheng, T.; Wang, Z. L.; Wei, D. Neuromimetic circuits enabled by dynamic regulation of the electrical double layer. npj. Flex. Electron. 2025, 9, 66.
38. Zhang, H.; Li, X.; Hou, J.; Jiang, L.; Wang, H. Angstrom-scale ion channels towards single-ion selectivity. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2022, 51, 2224-54.
39. Mayer, S. F.; Mitsioni, M. F.; Robin, P.; et al. Lumen charge governs gated ion transport in β-barrel nanopores. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2026, 21, 116-24.
40. Russell, W. S.; Lin, C. Y.; Siwy, Z. S. Gating with charge inversion to control ionic transport in nanopores. ACS. Appl. Nano. Mater. 2022, 5, 17682-92.
41. Yang, L.; Qian, Y.; Kong, X. Y.; et al. Specific recognition of uranyl ion employing a functionalized nanochannel platform for dealing with radioactive contamination. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2020, 12, 3854-61.
42. Chen, Y.; Yue, X.; Yu, W.; et al. Breaking the sensitivity-specificity trade-off: a nanoconfined dual-DNA aptamer synergy strategy. Anal. Chem. 2025, 97, 11874-82.
43. Ryu, J. S.; Lee, S. H.; Kim, H.; et al. Advancing SARS‐CoV‐2 variant detection with high affinity monoclonal antibodies and plasmonic nanostructure. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2405340.
44. Tang, W.; Yin, L.; Sempionatto, J. R.; Moon, J. M.; Teymourian, H.; Wang, J. Touch-based stressless cortisol sensing. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, e2008465.
45. Hu, J. J.; Lin, N.; Yuan, L.; Lou, X.; Xia, F. Detection of analytes with the outer surface of solid-state nanochannels: from pm to μm. Acc. Chem. Res. 2025, 58, 834-46.
46. Mintz Hemed, N.; Leal-Ortiz, S.; Zhao, E. T.; Melosh, N. A. On-demand, reversible, ultrasensitive polymer membrane based on molecular imprinting polymer. ACS. Nano. 2023, 17, 5632-43.
47. Jin, H.; Yang, H.; Huang, W.; et al. protein-templated ultrasmall Pt nanocluster in adenosine ATP-responsive MOF nanoarchitectonics for ultrasensitive point-of-care detection. Anal. Chem. 2025, 97, 19982-91.
48. Liu, Y.; Jia, S.; Yiu, C. K.; et al. Intelligent wearable olfactory interface for latency-free mixed reality and fast olfactory enhancement. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 4474.
49. Xu, Y.; Awati, A.; Zhou, S.; et al. Concentration energy ion channels with molecular-structure dual recognition for sustainable environmental monitoring. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 18910-22.
50. Lee, D. H.; Lee, W. Y.; Kim, J. Introducing nanoscale electrochemistry in small-molecule detection for tackling existing limitations of affinity-based label-free biosensing applications. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 17767-78.
51. Gao, W.; Emaminejad, S.; Nyein, H. Y. Y.; et al. Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis. Nature 2016, 529, 509-14.
52. Gao, P.; Ma, Q.; Ding, D.; et al. Distinct functional elements for outer-surface anti-interference and inner-wall ion gating of nanochannels. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 4557.
53. Yamada, T.; Sugiura, H.; Mimura, H.; Kamiya, K.; Osaki, T.; Takeuchi, S. Highly sensitive VOC detectors using insect olfactory receptors reconstituted into lipid bilayers. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabd2013.
54. Shang, X.; Xie, G.; Kong, X. Y.; et al. An artificial CO2 -driven ionic gate inspired by olfactory sensory neurons in mosquitoes. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1603884.
55. Su, T.; Yang, M.; Wang, S.; Song, Y. Y.; Gao, Z.; Zhao, C. Electrochemical platform regulated by cyclodextrin chiral microenvironments for enhanced enantioselective recognition. Anal. Chem. 2025, 97, 21660-7.
56. Li, X.; Liu, Z.; Yang, L.; et al. An ultrasensitive 2,4,6-trinitrophenol nanofluidic sensor inspired by olfactory sensory neurons in sniffer dogs. Chem. Sci. 2024, 15, 19504-12.
57. Sun, Z.; Hu, Z.; Liu, X.; et al. Oriented nanochannel aerogels for high-transconductance organic transistors and ultrasensitive biosensors. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, e09290.
58. Wu, Y.; Wang, Q.; Li, X.; et al. Olfactory-inspired separation-sensing nanochannel-based electronics for wireless sweat monitoring. ACS. Nano. 2025, 19, 3781-90.
59. Ma, Q.; Cao, S.; Wang, H.; et al. Autonomous and ultrasensitive low-power metal oxide nanofiber gas sensor for source tracking and localization. ACS. Sens. 2025, 10, 2938-47.
60. Kang, M.; Han, J. K.; Lee, K.; et al. Neuromorphic olfaction with ultralow-power gas sensors and ovonic threshold switch. Sci. Adv. 2025, 11, eadv9222.
61. Li, N.; Zhang, J. B.; Wöll, C.; Gu, Z. G.; Zhang, J. Breathable biomimetic chiral porous MOF thin films for multiple enantiomers sensing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2422860.
62. Qin, Z.; Wu, Z.; Sun, Q.; et al. Dog nose-inspired high-performance ammonia sensor based on biochar/SnO2 composite. Carbon 2023, 213, 118297.
63. Yusko, E. C.; Johnson, J. M.; Majd, S.; et al. Controlling protein translocation through nanopores with bio-inspired fluid walls. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2011, 6, 253-60.
64. Chen, J. Y.; Peng, X.; Xi, C.; Lee, G. R.; Baker, D.; Yeh, A. H. De novo design of high-performance cortisol luminescent biosensors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 27494-505.
65. Yu, Z.; Baptist, A. V.; Reinhardt, S. C. M.; et al. Compliant DNA origami nanoactuators as size-selective nanopores. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, e2405104.
66. Ge, C.; Wang, M.; Zhou, Y.; et al. Ion transport-triggered rapid flexible hydrovoltaic sensing. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 8110.
67. Yue, X.; Wang, J.; Yang, H.; et al. A Drosophila-inspired intelligent olfactory biomimetic sensing system for gas recognition in complex environments. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 2024, 10, 153.
68. Wang, C.; Chen, Z.; Chan, C. L. J.; et al. Biomimetic olfactory chips based on large-scale monolithically integrated nanotube sensor arrays. Nat. Electron. 2024, 7, 157-67.
69. Zhao, W.; Li, J.; Xue, Z.; et al. A separation-sensing platform performing accurate diagnosis of jaundice in complex biological tear fluids. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2022, 61, e202205628.
70. Lee, J. C.; Kim, S. Y.; Song, J.; et al. Micrometer-thick and porous nanocomposite coating for electrochemical sensors with exceptional antifouling and electroconducting properties. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 711.
71. Zhou, L.; Hou, H.; Wei, H.; et al. In Vivo Monitoring of oxygen in rat brain by carbon fiber microelectrode modified with antifouling nanoporous membrane. Anal. Chem. 2019, 91, 3645-51.
72. Han, Q.; Wang, H.; Wang, J. Multi-mode/signal biosensors: electrochemical integrated sensing techniques. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2403122.


