REFERENCES
1. Ji, Y.; Wang, L.; Long, Y.; et al. Ultralow energy adaptive neuromorphic computing using reconfigurable zinc phosphorus trisulfide memristors. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 6899.
2. Yu, L.; Li, X.; Luo, C.; et al. Bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics for brain-like computing. Nano. Res. 2023, 17, 503-14.
3. Modha, D. S.; Akopyan, F.; Andreopoulos, A.; et al. Neural inference at the frontier of energy, space, and time. Science 2023, 382, 329-35.
4. Gouaux, E.; Mackinnon, R. Principles of selective ion transport in channels and pumps. Science 2005, 310, 1461-5.
5. Bernèche, S.; Roux, B. Energetics of ion conduction through the K+ channel. Nature 2001, 414, 73-7.
6. Tilegenova, C.; Cortes, D. M.; Cuello, L. G. Hysteresis of KcsA potassium channel’s activation- deactivation gating is caused by structural changes at the channel’s selectivity filter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2017, 114, 3234-9.
7. Qian, H.; Fan, H.; Peng, P.; et al. Biomimetic Janus MXene membrane with bidirectional ion permselectivity for enhanced osmotic effects and iontronic logic control. Sci. Adv. 2025, 11, eadx1184.
8. Li, X.; Wang, Z. L.; Wei, D. Scavenging energy and information through dynamically regulating the electrical double layer. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2405520.
9. Sun, Y.; Zhou, K.; Xiao, H.; et al. Immiscible liquid-mediated ultrafast ion transport through nanoconfined channels. Nano. Energy. 2023, 105, 108011.
10. Wang, M.; Hou, X. Building artificial aligned nanochannels for highly efficient ion transport. Joule 2023, 7, 251-3.
11. Zhao, Z.; Fang, R.; Rong, Q.; Liu, M. Bioinspired nanocomposite hydrogels with highly ordered structures. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1703045.
12. Ye, H.; Wu, B.; Sun, S.; Wu, P. Self-compliant ionic skin by leveraging hierarchical hydrogen bond association. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 885.
14. Chen, W.; Zhai, L.; Zhang, S.; et al. Cascade-heterogated biphasic gel iontronics for electronic-to-multi-ionic signal transmission. Science 2023, 382, 559-65.
15. Zhang, Y.; Sun, T.; Yang, X.; et al. A microscale soft lithium-ion battery for tissue stimulation. Nat. Chem. Eng. 2024, 1, 691-701.
16. Zhang, Y.; Tan, C. M. J.; Toepfer, C. N.; Lu, X.; Bayley, H. Microscale droplet assembly enables biocompatible multifunctional modular iontronics. Science 2024, 386, 1024-30.
17. Wu, Z.; Zhao, Z. Heterogating gel iontronics: a revolution in biointerfaces and ion signal transmission. Gels 2024, 10, 594.
18. Chen, W.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, A.; et al. Intercellular ion-gradient piezoheterogated biphasic gel for ultrahigh iontronic generation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 3283-92.
19. Zhou, Y.; Xiong, T.; Lu, J.; et al. Highly-efficient ion gating through self-assembled two-dimensional photothermal metal-organic framework membrane. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2023, 62, e202302997.
20. Wang, J.; Jiang, Y.; Xiong, T.; et al. Optically modulated nanofluidic ionic transistor for neuromorphic functions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2025, 64, e202418949.
21. Xiong, T.; Li, C.; He, X.; et al. Neuromorphic functions with a polyelectrolyte-confined fluidic memristor. Science 2023, 379, 156-61.
22. Robin, P.; Emmerich, T.; Ismail, A.; et al. Long-term memory and synapse-like dynamics in two-dimensional nanofluidic channels. Science 2023, 379, 161-7.
23. Robin, P.; Kavokine, N.; Bocquet, L. Modeling of emergent memory and voltage spiking in ionic transport through angstrom-scale slits. Science 2021, 373, 687-91.
24. Yuk, H.; Wu, J.; Zhao, X. Hydrogel interfaces for merging humans and machines. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2022, 7, 935-52.


