REFERENCES
1. World Health Organization. Global oral health status report: towards universal health coverage for oral health by 2030. Available from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240061484. [accessed 18 September 2026].
2. Bui FQ, Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Huynh B, et al. Association between periodontal pathogens and systemic disease. Biomed J. 2019;42:27-35.
3. Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T. Local and systemic mechanisms linking periodontal disease and inflammatory comorbidities. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21:426-40.
4. World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia. Pharmacovigilance for traditional medicine products: why and how? Available from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/10665-259854. [accessed 18 September 2026].
5. Feng J, Xiu Q, Huang Y, Troyer Z, Li B, Zheng L. Plant-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles as promising biotherapeutic tools: present and future. Adv Mater. 2023;35:e2207826.
6. Song H, Canup BSB, Ngo VL, Denning TL, Garg P, Laroui H. Internalization of garlic-derived nanovesicles on liver cells is triggered by interaction with CD98. ACS Omega. 2020;5:23118-28.
7. Welsh JA, Goberdhan DCI, O’Driscoll L, et al. ; MISEV Consortium. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): from basic to advanced approaches. J Extracell Vesicles. 2024;13:e12404.
8. Pinedo M, de la Canal L, de Marcos Lousa C. A call for Rigor and standardization in plant extracellular vesicle research. J Extracell Vesicles. 2021;10:e12048.
9. Halperin W, Jensen WA. Ultrastructural changes during growth and embryogenesis in carrot cell cultures. J Ultrastruct Res. 1967;18:428-43.
10. Regente M, Corti-Monzón G, Maldonado AM, Pinedo M, Jorrín J, de la Canal L. Vesicular fractions of sunflower apoplastic fluids are associated with potential exosome marker proteins. FEBS Lett. 2009;583:3363-6.
11. He B, Cai Q, Qiao L, et al. RNA-binding proteins contribute to small RNA loading in plant extracellular vesicles. Nat Plants. 2021;7:342-52.
12. Gao J, Li Y, Zhang S, et al. Structural and functional characterization of EXPO-derived extracellular vesicles in plants. Adv Sci. 2026;13:e06163.
13. Koch BL, Rutter BD, Borniego ML, Singla-Rastogi M, Gardner DM, Innes RW. Arabidopsis produces distinct subpopulations of extracellular vesicles that respond differentially to biotic stress, altering growth and infectivity of a fungal pathogen. J Extracell Vesicles. 2025;14:e70090.
14. Caponnetto F, Manini I, Skrap M, et al. Size-dependent cellular uptake of exosomes. Nanomedicine. 2017;13:1011-20.
15. Xu M, Qi Y, Liu G, Song Y, Jiang X, Du B. Size-dependent in vivo transport of nanoparticles: implications for delivery, targeting, and clearance. ACS Nano. 2023;17:20825-49.
16. Lian MQ, Chng WH, Liang J, et al. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles: recent advancements and current challenges on their use for biomedical applications. J Extracell Vesicles. 2022;11:e12283.
17. Kocholata M, Maly J, Martinec J, Auer Malinska H. Plant extracellular vesicles and their potential in human health research, the practical approach. Physiol Res. 2022;71:327-39.
18. Liu Y, Wu S, Koo Y, et al. Characterization of and isolation methods for plant leaf nanovesicles and small extracellular vesicles. Nanomedicine. 2020;29:102271.
19. Sundaram K, Mu J, Kumar A, et al. Garlic exosome-like nanoparticles reverse high-fat diet induced obesity via the gut/brain axis. Theranostics. 2022;12:1220-46.
20. Zhao Q, Liu G, Liu F, et al. An enzyme-based system for extraction of small extracellular vesicles from plants. Sci Rep. 2023;13:13931.
21. Wang Q, Jing R, Cao N, et al. Generalizability of enzyme-based isolation approach for extracellular vesicles from traditional medicinal plants. J Extracell Biol. 2025;4:e70090.
22. Rutter BD, Innes RW. Extracellular vesicles isolated from the leaf apoplast carry stress-response proteins. Plant Physiol. 2017;173:728-41.
23. Zhuang X, Teng Y, Samykutty A, et al. Grapefruit-derived nanovectors delivering therapeutic miR17 through an intranasal route inhibit brain tumor progression. Mol Ther. 2016;24:96-105.
24. Konoshenko MY, Lekchnov EA, Vlassov AV, Laktionov PP. Isolation of extracellular vesicles: general methodologies and latest trends. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:8545347.
25. Li P, Kaslan M, Lee SH, Yao J, Gao Z. Progress in exosome isolation techniques. Theranostics. 2017;7:789-804.
26. Akbar A, Malekian F, Baghban N, Kodam SP, Ullah M. Methodologies to isolate and purify clinical grade extracellular vesicles for medical applications. Cells. 2022;11:186.
27. Kalarikkal SP, Prasad D, Kasiappan R, Chaudhari SR, Sundaram GM. A cost-effective polyethylene glycol-based method for the isolation of functional edible nanoparticles from ginger rhizomes. Sci Rep. 2020;10:4456.
28. Suresh AP, Kalarikkal SP, Pullareddy B, Sundaram GM. Low pH-based method to increase the yield of plant-derived nanoparticles from fresh ginger rhizomes. ACS Omega. 2021;6:17635-41.
29. Mao X, Li T, Qi W, et al. Advances in the study of plant-derived extracellular vesicles in the skeletal muscle system. Pharmacol Res. 2024;204:107202.
30. Liangsupree T, Multia E, Riekkola ML. Modern isolation and separation techniques for extracellular vesicles. J Chromatogr A. 2021;1636:461773.
31. Ansari FJ, Tafti HA, Amanzadeh A, et al. Comparison of the efficiency of ultrafiltration, precipitation, and ultracentrifugation methods for exosome isolation. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2024;38:101668.
32. Wu P, Wu W, Zhang S, et al. Therapeutic potential and pharmacological significance of extracellular vesicles derived from traditional medicinal plants. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1272241.
33. Sidhom K, Obi PO, Saleem A. A review of exosomal isolation methods: is size exclusion chromatography the best option? Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:6466.
34. Bokka R, Ramos AP, Fiume I, et al. Biomanufacturing of tomato-derived nanovesicles. Foods. 2020;9:1852.
35. Sánchez-López CM, Manzaneque-López MC, Pérez-Bermúdez P, Soler C, Marcilla A. Characterization and bioactivity of extracellular vesicles isolated from pomegranate. Food Funct. 2022;13:12870-82.
36. Yang M, Liu X, Luo Q, Xu L, Chen F. An efficient method to isolate lemon derived extracellular vesicles for gastric cancer therapy. J Nanobiotechnology. 2020;18:100.
37. Jackson KK, Mata C, Marcus RK. A rapid capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber spin-down tip approach for the isolation of plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) from 20 common fruit and vegetable sources. Talanta. 2023;252:123779.
38. Ming T, Yang Y, Zhu J, et al. Ginger-derived exosome-like nanoparticles: the effect of extraction methods on metabolites and in vitro anti-lung cancer activity. Int J Nanomedicine. 2025;20:13399-420.
39. Kocholata M, Prusova M, Auer Malinska H, Maly J, Janouskova O. Comparison of two isolation methods of tobacco-derived extracellular vesicles, their characterization and uptake by plant and rat cells. Sci Rep. 2022;12:19896.
40. Mammadova R, Fiume I, Bokka R, et al. Identification of tomato infecting viruses that co-isolate with nanovesicles using a combined proteomics and electron-microscopic approach. Nanomaterials. 2021;11:1922.
41. Li A, Li D, Gu Y, et al. Plant-derived nanovesicles: further exploration of biomedical function and application potential. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2023;13:3300-20.
42. Logozzi M, Di Raimo R, Mizzoni D, Fais S. Nanovesicles from organic agriculture-derived fruits and vegetables: characterization and functional antioxidant content. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:8170.
43. Midekessa G, Godakumara K, Ord J, et al. Zeta potential of extracellular vesicles: toward understanding the attributes that determine colloidal stability. ACS Omega. 2020;5:16701-10.
44. Tamrin SH, Phelps J, Nezhad AS, Sen A. Critical considerations in determining the surface charge of small extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles. 2023;12:e12353.
45. de la Canal L, Pinedo M. Extracellular vesicles: a missing component in plant cell wall remodeling. J Exp Bot. 2018;69:4655-8.
46. Ekanayake G, Piibor J, Midekessa G, et al. Systematic characterization of extracellular vesicles from potato (Solanum tuberosum cv. Laura) roots and peels: biophysical properties and proteomic profiling. Front Plant Sci. 2024;15:1477614.
47. Cai Q, Qiao L, Wang M, et al. Plants send small RNAs in extracellular vesicles to fungal pathogen to silence virulence genes. Science. 2018;360:1126-9.
48. Karamanidou T, Tsouknidas A. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles as therapeutic nanocarriers. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;23:191.
49. Zeng L, Wang H, Shi W, et al. Aloe derived nanovesicle as a functional carrier for indocyanine green encapsulation and phototherapy. J Nanobiotechnology. 2021;19:439.
50. Liu NJ, Wang N, Bao JJ, Zhu HX, Wang LJ, Chen XY. Lipidomic analysis reveals the importance of GIPCs in Arabidopsis leaf extracellular vesicles. Mol Plant. 2020;13:1523-32.
51. Egea-Jimenez AL, Zimmermann P. Phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in the biogenesis and cargo loading of extracellular vesicles. J Lipid Res. 2018;59:1554-60.
52. Teng Y, Ren Y, Sayed M, et al. Plant-derived exosomal microRNAs shape the gut microbiota. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;24:637-52.e8.
53. Yi Q, Xu Z, Thakur A, et al. Current understanding of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles in regulating the inflammatory response and immune system microenvironment. Pharmacol Res. 2023;190:106733.
54. Eros G, Varga G, Váradi R, et al. Anti-inflammatory action of a phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-enriched diet in carrageenan-induced pleurisy. Eur Surg Res. 2009;42:40-8.
55. Wang B, Zhuang X, Deng ZB, et al. Targeted drug delivery to intestinal macrophages by bioactive nanovesicles released from grapefruit. Mol Ther. 2014;22:522-34.
56. Cao M, Yan H, Han X, et al. Ginseng-derived nanoparticles alter macrophage polarization to inhibit melanoma growth. J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7:326.
57. Martínez-Ballesta MDC, García-Gomez P, Yepes-Molina L, Guarnizo AL, Teruel JA, Carvajal M. Plasma membrane aquaporins mediates vesicle stability in broccoli. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0192422.
58. De Palma M, Ambrosone A, Leone A, et al. Plant roots release small extracellular vesicles with antifungal activity. Plants. 2020;9:1777.
59. Liu G, Kang G, Wang S, Huang Y, Cai Q. Extracellular vesicles: emerging players in plant defense against pathogens. Front Plant Sci. 2021;12:757925.
60. Yang M, Luo Q, Chen X, Chen F. Bitter melon derived extracellular vesicles enhance the therapeutic effects and reduce the drug resistance of 5-fluorouracil on oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Nanobiotechnology. 2021;19:259.
61. Sriwastva MK, Deng ZB, Wang B, et al. Exosome-like nanoparticles from Mulberry bark prevent DSS-induced colitis via the AhR/COPS8 pathway. EMBO Rep. 2022;23:e53365.
62. Chin AR, Fong MY, Somlo G, et al. Cross-kingdom inhibition of breast cancer growth by plant miR159. Cell Res. 2016;26:217-28.
63. Xiao J, Feng S, Wang X, et al. Identification of exosome-like nanoparticle-derived microRNAs from 11 edible fruits and vegetables. PeerJ. 2018;6:e5186.
64. Qiu FS, Wang JF, Guo MY, et al. Rgl-exomiR-7972, a novel plant exosomal microRNA derived from fresh Rehmanniae Radix, ameliorated lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury and gut dysbiosis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;165:115007.
65. Sundaram K, Miller DP, Kumar A, et al. Plant-derived exosomal nanoparticles inhibit pathogenicity of Porphyromonas gingivalis. iScience. 2020;23:100869.
66. Zhu H, Chang M, Wang Q, Chen J, Liu D, He W. Identifying the potential of miRNAs in Houttuynia cordata-derived exosome-like nanoparticles against respiratory RNA viruses. Int J Nanomedicine. 2023;18:5983-6000.
67. Marzocchella L, Fantini M, Benvenuto M, et al. Dietary flavonoids: molecular mechanisms of action as anti- inflammatory agents. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2011;5:200-20.
69. Zhang M, Viennois E, Prasad M, et al. Edible ginger-derived nanoparticles: a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer. Biomaterials. 2016;101:321-40.
70. Zhuang X, Deng ZB, Mu J, et al. Ginger-derived nanoparticles protect against alcohol-induced liver damage. J Extracell Vesicles. 2015;4:28713.
71. Man F, Meng C, Liu Y, et al. The study of ginger-derived extracellular vesicles as a natural nanoscale drug carrier and their intestinal absorption in rats. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2021;22:206.
72. Zeng W, Jin L, Zhang F, Zhang C, Liang W. Naringenin as a potential immunomodulator in therapeutics. Pharmacol Res. 2018;135:122-6.
73. Deng Z, Rong Y, Teng Y, et al. Broccoli-derived nanoparticle inhibits mouse colitis by activating dendritic cell AMP-activated protein kinase. Mol Ther. 2017;25:1641-54.
74. Lai H, Li J, Kou X, Mao X, Zhao W, Ma L. Extracellular vesicles for dental pulp and periodontal regeneration. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15:282.
75. Li Y, Duan X, Chen Y, Liu B, Chen G. Dental stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as promising therapeutic agents in the treatment of diseases. Int J Oral Sci. 2022;14:2.
76. Sall IM, Flaviu TA. Plant and mammalian-derived extracellular vesicles: a new therapeutic approach for the future. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023;11:1215650.
77. Spatafora G, Li Y, He X, Cowan A, Tanner ACR. The evolving microbiome of dental caries. Microorganisms. 2024;12:121.
78. Fouad AF, Khan AA. Etiology and pathogenesis of pulpitis and apical periodontitis. In: Ørstavik D, Editor. Essential endodontology. Wiley; 2019. pp. 59-90.
79. Davis JM, Maki J, Bahcall JK. An in vitro comparison of the antimicrobial effects of various endodontic medicaments on Enterococcus faecalis. J Endod. 2007;33:567-9.
80. Łasica A, Golec P, Laskus A, Zalewska M, Gędaj M, Popowska M. Periodontitis: etiology, conventional treatments, and emerging bacteriophage and predatory bacteria therapies. Front Microbiol. 2024;15:1469414.
81. Persson GR, Renvert S. Cluster of bacteria associated with peri-implantitis. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2014;16:783-93.
82. Zhou S, Huang P, Cao Y, Hua X, Yang Y, Liu S. Garlic-derived exosome-like nanovesicles-based wound dressing for Staphylococcus aureus infection visualization and treatment. ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2024;7:1888-98.
83. Zhu Z, Liao L, Gao M, Liu Q. Garlic-derived exosome-like nanovesicles alleviate dextran sulphate sodium-induced mouse colitis via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and gut microbiota modulation. Food Funct. 2023;14:7520-34.
84. Schuh CMAP, Aguayo S, Zavala G, Khoury M. Exosome-like vesicles in Apis mellifera bee pollen, honey and royal jelly contribute to their antibacterial and pro-regenerative activity. J Exp Biol. 2019;222:jeb208702.
85. Gao C, Zhou Y, Chen Z, et al. Turmeric-derived nanovesicles as novel nanobiologics for targeted therapy of ulcerative colitis. Theranostics. 2022;12:5596-614.
86. Lei C, Teng Y, He L, et al. Lemon exosome-like nanoparticles enhance stress survival of gut bacteria by RNase P-mediated specific tRNA decay. iScience. 2021;24:102511.
87. Lee BH, Wu SC, Chien HY, Shen TL, Hsu WH. Tomato-fruit-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit Fusobacterium nucleatum via lipid-mediated mechanism. Food Funct. 2023;14:8942-50.
88. Tan S, Liu Z, Cong M, et al. Dandelion-derived vesicles-laden hydrogel dressings capable of neutralizing Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins for the care of invasive wounds. J Control Release. 2024;368:355-71.
89. Liu Y, Tan ML, Zhu WJ, et al. In vitro effects of tartary buckwheat-derived nanovesicles on gut microbiota. J Agric Food Chem. 2022;70:2616-29.
90. Li D, Yi G, Cao G, et al. Dual-carriers of tartary buckwheat-derived exosome-like nanovesicles synergistically regulate glucose metabolism in the intestine-liver axis. Small. 2025;21:e2410124.
91. Zhan W, Deng M, Huang X, et al. Pueraria lobata-derived exosome-like nanovesicles alleviate osteoporosis by enhacning autophagy. J Control Release. 2023;364:644-53.
92. Zhu MZ, Xu HM, Liang YJ, et al. Edible exosome-like nanoparticles from Portulaca oleracea L mitigate DSS-induced colitis via facilitating double-positive CD4+CD8+T cells expansion. J Nanobiotechnology. 2023;21:309.
93. Ma Y, Yang K, Hu H, et al. Comparative analysis of the composition of exosome-like nanoparticles from dried and fresh Portulaca oleracea L. Molecules. 2025;30:4715.
94. Pohl S, Akamp T, Smeda M, et al. Understanding dental pulp inflammation: from signaling to structure. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1474466.
95. Ye L, Cao L, Song W, Yang C, Tang Q, Yuan Z. Interaction between apical periodontitis and systemic disease (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2023;52:60.
96. Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17038.
97. Assery NM, Jurado CA, Assery MK, Afrashtehfar KI. Peri-implantitis and systemic inflammation: a critical update. Saudi Dent J. 2023;35:443-50.
98. Xie Q, Gu J, Sun Y, et al. Therapeutic potential of ginger exosome-like nanoparticles for alleviating periodontitis-induced tissue damage. Int J Nanomedicine. 2024;19:11941-56.
99. Yan L, Cao Y, Hou L, et al. Ginger exosome-like nanoparticle-derived miRNA therapeutics: a strategic inhibitor of intestinal inflammation. J Adv Res. 2025;69:1-15.
100. Wu J, Ma X, Lu Y, et al. Edible Pueraria lobata-derived exosomes promote M2 macrophage polarization. Molecules. 2022;27:8184.
101. Vanessa V, Rachmawati H, Barlian A. Anti-inflammatory potential of goldenberry-derived exosome-like nanoparticles in macrophage polarization. Future Sci OA. 2024;10:FSO943.
102. Han R, Zhou D, Ji N, et al. Folic acid-modified ginger-derived extracellular vesicles for targeted treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by remodeling immune microenvironment via the PI3K-AKT pathway. J Nanobiotechnology. 2025;23:41.
103. You JY, Kang SJ, Rhee WJ. Isolation of cabbage exosome-like nanovesicles and investigation of their biological activities in human cells. Bioact Mater. 2021;6:4321-32.
104. Liu B, Li X, Yu H, et al. Therapeutic potential of garlic chive-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles in NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory diseases. Theranostics. 2021;11:9311-30.
105. De Robertis M, Sarra A, D’Oria V, et al. Blueberry-derived exosome-like nanoparticles counter the response to TNF-α-induced change on gene expression in EA.hy926 cells. Biomolecules. 2020;10:742.
106. Perut F, Roncuzzi L, Avnet S, et al. Strawberry-derived exosome-like nanoparticles prevent oxidative stress in human mesenchymal stromal cells. Biomolecules. 2021;11:87.
107. Zu M, Xie D, Canup BSB, et al. ‘Green’ nanotherapeutics from tea leaves for orally targeted prevention and alleviation of colon diseases. Biomaterials. 2021;279:121178.
108. Aquilano K, Ceci V, Gismondi A, et al. Adipocyte metabolism is improved by TNF receptor-targeting small RNAs identified from dried nuts. Commun Biol. 2019;2:317.
109. Kim M, Park JH. Isolation of Aloe saponaria-derived extracellular vesicles and investigation of their potential for chronic wound healing. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14:1905.
110. Valentino A, Conte R, Bousta D, et al. Extracellular vesicles derived from Opuntia ficus-indica Fruit (OFI-EVs) speed up the normal wound healing processes by modulating cellular responses. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:7103.
111. Kim H, Shin HY, Park M, Ahn K, Kim SJ, An SH. Exosome-like vesicles from Lithospermum erythrorhizon callus enhanced wound healing by reducing LPS-induced inflammation. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024;35:e2410022.
112. Şahin F, Koçak P, Güneş MY, Özkan İ, Yıldırım E, Kala EY. In vitro wound healing activity of wheat-derived nanovesicles. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2019;188:381-94.
113. Cui WW, Ye C, Wang KX, et al. Momordica. charantia-derived extracellular vesicles-like nanovesicles protect cardiomyocytes against radiation injury via attenuating DNA damage and mitochondria dysfunction. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:864188.
114. Ju S, Mu J, Dokland T, et al. Grape exosome-like nanoparticles induce intestinal stem cells and protect mice from DSS-induced colitis. Mol Ther. 2013;21:1345-57.
115. Hwang JH, Park YS, Kim HS, et al. Yam-derived exosome-like nanovesicles stimulate osteoblast formation and prevent osteoporosis in mice. J Control Release. 2023;355:184-98.
116. Sim Y, Seo HJ, Kim DH, et al. The effect of apple-derived nanovesicles on the osteoblastogenesis of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. J Med Food. 2023;26:49-58.
117. Park YS, Kim HW, Hwang JH, et al. Plum-derived exosome-like nanovesicles induce differentiation of osteoblasts and reduction of osteoclast activation. Nutrients. 2023;15:2107.
118. Zhao Q, Feng J, Liu F, et al. Rhizoma Drynariae-derived nanovesicles reverse osteoporosis by potentiating osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via targeting ERα signaling. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2024;14:2210-27.
119. Xu XH, Yuan TJ, Dad HA, et al. Plant exosomes as novel nanoplatforms for microRNA transfer stimulate neural differentiation of stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Nano Lett. 2021;21:8151-9.
120. Mahdipour E. Beta vulgaris juice contains biologically active exosome-like nanoparticles. Tissue Cell. 2022;76:101800.
121. Chen F, Wang D. Novel technologies for the prevention and treatment of dental caries: a patent survey. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2010;20:681-94.
122. Schwendicke F, Tu YK, Hsu LY, Göstemeyer G. Antibacterial effects of cavity lining: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Dent. 2015;43:1298-307.
123. Tomson PL, Duncan HF. Pulp capping materials for the maintenance of pulp vitality. In: Camilleri J, Editor. Endodontic materials in clinical practice. Wiley; 2021. pp. 15-45.
124. Leiva-Sabadini C, Alvarez S, Barrera NP, Schuh CMAP, Aguayo S. Antibacterial effect of honey-derived exosomes containing antimicrobial peptides against oral streptococci. Int J Nanomedicine. 2021;16:4891-900.
125. Bowen WH, Koo H. Biology of Streptococcus mutans-derived glucosyltransferases: role in extracellular matrix formation of cariogenic biofilms. Caries Res. 2011;45:69-86.
126. Tran XV, Gorin C, Willig C, et al. Effect of a calcium-silicate-based restorative cement on pulp repair. J Dent Res. 2012;91:1166-71.
127. Stuart CH, Schwartz SA, Beeson TJ, Owatz CB. Enterococcus faecalis: its role in root canal treatment failure and current concepts in retreatment. J Endod. 2006;32:93-8.
128. Pascon FM, Kantovitz KR, Sacramento PA, Nobre-dos-Santos M, Puppin-Rontani RM. Effect of sodium hypochlorite on dentine mechanical properties. A review. J Dent. 2009;37:903-8.
130. Komabayashi T, Colmenar D, Cvach N, Bhat A, Primus C, Imai Y. Comprehensive review of current endodontic sealers. Dent Mater J. 2020;39:703-20.
131. Gasner NS, Brizuela M. Endodontic materials used to fill root canals. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK587367/. [accessed 18 September 2026].
132. Nesbit SP, Gonzalez-cabezas C, Reside J, et al. Disease control phase of treatment. Diagnosis and treatment planning in dentistry. Elsevier; 2017. pp. 192-225.e1.
133. Graziani F, Karapetsa D, Alonso B, Herrera D. Nonsurgical and surgical treatment of periodontitis: how many options for one disease? Periodontol 2000 2017;75:152-88.
134. Nibali L, Koidou VP, Nieri M, Barbato L, Pagliaro U, Cairo F. Regenerative surgery versus access flap for the treatment of intra-bony periodontal defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47:320-51.
135. Gao H, Yin S, Yan Y, et al. Inhibitory effect of Allium cepa L.-derived extracellular vesicles loaded with celecoxib on osteoclast differentiation in periodontitis. Int J Nanomedicine. 2026;21:580087.
136. Kürtösi B, Kazsoki A, Zelkó R. A systematic review on plant-derived extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:7559.
137. Wei X, Wang M, Dong X, et al. Internal-external homologous drug-loaded exosome-like nanovesicles released from semi-IPN hydrogel enhancing wound healing of chemoradiotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Int J Nanomedicine. 2025;20:4105-21.
138. Hearnden V, Sankar V, Hull K, et al. New developments and opportunities in oral mucosal drug delivery for local and systemic disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012;64:16-28.
139. Benoit DSW, Sims KR Jr, Fraser D. Nanoparticles for oral biofilm treatments. ACS Nano. 2019;13:4869-75.
