REFERENCES

1. Henderson LJ, Johnson TP, Smith BR, et al. Presence of Tat and transactivation response element in spinal fluid despite antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2019;33:S145-57.

2. Zenebe Y, Necho M, Yimam W, Akele B. Worldwide occurrence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and its associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:814362.

3. Keng LD, Winston A, Sabin CA. The global burden of cognitive impairment in people with HIV. AIDS. 2023;37:61-70.

4. Kannan M, Singh S, Chemparathy DT, et al. HIV-1 Tat induced microglial EVs leads to neuronal synaptodendritic injury: microglia-neuron cross-talk in NeuroHIV. Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucl Acids. 2022;3:133-49.

5. Zhao J, Bu F, Wu H, He J, Liu J. Neuroinflammation and NeuroHIV: understanding the role of HIV-1 related factors in microglial activation. Transl Psychiatry. 2026;16:194.

6. Ruan J, Miao X, Schlüter D, Lin L, Wang X. Extracellular vesicles in neuroinflammation: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Mol Ther. 2021;29:1946-57.

7. Mahajan SD, Ordain NS, Kutscher H, Karki S, Reynolds JL. HIV neuroinflammation: the role of exosomes in cell signaling, prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and drug delivery. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:637192.

8. Yang L, Niu F, Yao H, et al. Exosomal miR-9 released from HIV Tat stimulated astrocytes mediates microglial migration. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2018;13:330-44.

9. Hu G, Niu F, Liao K, et al. HIV-1 Tat-induced astrocytic extracellular vesicle miR-7 impairs synaptic architecture. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2020;15:538-53.

10. Chemparathy DT, Ray S, Ochs C, et al. Neuropathogenic role of astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Extracell Vesicles. 2024;13:e12439.

11. Yelamanchili SV, Lamberty BG, Rennard DA, et al. MiR-21 in extracellular vesicles leads to neurotoxicity via TLR7 signaling in SIV neurological disease. PLoS Pathog. 2015;11:e1005032.

12. Hu G, Yao H, Chaudhuri AD, et al. Exosome-mediated shuttling of microRNA-29 regulates HIV Tat and morphine-mediated neuronal dysfunction. Cell Death Dis. 2012;3:e381.

13. Ray S, Datta S, Saha A, Sil S. Astrocytes and astrocyte-derived extracellular conduits in opiate-mediated neurological disorders. Cells. 2025;14:1454.

14. Liao K, Niu F, Hu G, et al. Morphine-mediated release of miR-138 in astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles promotes microglial activation. J Extracell Vesicles. 2020;10:e12027.

15. Lee JH. The complex role of extracellular vesicles in HIV infection. BMB Rep. 2023;56:335-40.

16. Rahimian P, He JJ. Exosome-associated release, uptake, and neurotoxicity of HIV-1 Tat protein. J Neurovirol. 2016;22:774-88.

17. Raymond AD, Diaz P, Chevelon S, et al. Microglia-derived HIV Nef+ exosome impairment of the blood-brain barrier is treatable by nanomedicine-based delivery of Nef peptides. J Neurovirol. 2016;22:129-39.

18. Sami Saribas A, Cicalese S, Ahooyi TM, Khalili K, Amini S, Sariyer IK. HIV-1 Nef is released in extracellular vesicles derived from astrocytes: evidence for Nef-mediated neurotoxicity. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8:e2542.

19. Dagur RS, Liao K, Sil S, et al. Neuronal-derived extracellular vesicles are enriched in the brain and serum of HIV-1 transgenic rats. J Extracell Vesicles. 2020;9:1703249.

20. Guha D, Lorenz DR, Misra V, Chettimada S, Morgello S, Gabuzda D. Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid extracellular vesicles reveals synaptic injury, inflammation, and stress response markers in HIV patients with cognitive impairment. J Neuroinflammation. 2019;16:254.

21. Luo H, Chen J, Liu J, et al. Bridging brain and blood: a prospective view on neuroimaging-exosome correlations in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Front Neurol. 2024;15:1479272.

22. Kodidela S, Gerth K, Sinha N, Kumar A, Kumar P, Kumar S. Circulatory astrocyte and neuronal EVs as potential biomarkers of neurological dysfunction in HIV-infected subjects and alcohol/tobacco users. Diagnostics. 2020;10:349.

23. Chivero ET, Liao K, Niu F, et al. Engineered extracellular vesicles loaded with miR-124 attenuate cocaine-mediated activation of microglia. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:573.

24. Li D, Huang LT, Zhang CP, Li Q, Wang JH. Insights into the role of platelet-derived growth factors: implications for Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis and treatment. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:890509.

Extracellular Vesicles and Circulating Nucleic Acids
ISSN 2767-6641 (Online)
Follow Us

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/