REFERENCES
1. Armstrong AW, Read C. Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of psoriasis: a review. JAMA. 2020;323:1945-60.
2. Wu JJ, Suryavanshi M, Davidson D, Patel V, Jain A, Seigel L. Economic burden of comorbidities in patients with psoriasis in the USA. Dermatol Ther. 2023;13:207-19.
3. Griffiths CE, Barker JN. Pathogenesis and clinical features of psoriasis. Lancet. 2007;370:263-71.
4. Radu A, Jurca T, Radu AF, Bodog TM, Bodog RF, Endres L. A multimodal approach to managing severe psoriasis vulgaris: a case report leveraging natural therapies for flare control. Life. 2025;15:1186.
5. Xiong J, Xue T, Tong M, Xu L, Bai B. Dynamic trend analysis of global psoriasis burden from 1990 to 2021: a study of gender, age, and regional differences based on GBD 2021 data. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1518681.
6. Wu JJ, Feldman SR, Rastogi S, Menges B, Lingohr-Smith M, Lin J. Comparison of the cost-effectiveness of biologic drugs used for moderate-to-severe psoriasis treatment in the United States. J Dermatolog Treat. 2018;29:769-74.
8. Samarasekera E, Sawyer L, Parnham J, Smith CH; Guideline Development Group. Assessment and management of psoriasis: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2012;345:e6712.
9. Elmets CA, Korman NJ, Prater EF, et al. Joint AAD-NPF Guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with topical therapy and alternative medicine modalities for psoriasis severity measures. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84:432-70.
10. Bruno M, Strober B, Del Rosso JQ. Topical management of plaque psoriasis-a review and case series discussion with focus on aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulation. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2023;16:S3-12.
11. Ghani H, Podwojniak A, Tan IJ, Parikh AK, Sanabria B, Rao B. A comparison of the safety and efficacy of tapinarof and roflumilast topical therapies in the management of mild-to-moderate plaque psoriasis. Skin Res Technol. 2024;30:e70041.
12. Hauptman M, El Othmani A, Pazhyanur S, Nakamura M. Narrowband-ultraviolet B phototherapy for psoriasis treatment in skin of color: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2025;41:e70051.
13. Hroch M, Chladek J, Simkova M, Vaneckova J, Grim J, Martinkova J. A pilot study of pharmacokinetically guided dosing of oral methotrexate in the initial phase of psoriasis treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22:19-24.
14. West J, Ogston S, Foerster J. Safety and efficacy of methotrexate in psoriasis: a meta-analysis of published trials. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0153740.
15. Armstrong AW, Gooderham M, Warren RB, et al. Deucravacitinib versus placebo and apremilast in moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: efficacy and safety results from the 52-week, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase 3 POETYK PSO-1 trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023;88:29-39.
16. Armstrong AW, Park SH, Patel V, et al. Cumulative benefit over 52 weeks with deucravacitinib versus apremilast in moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: POETYK PSO-1 post hoc analysis. Dermatol Ther. 2024;14:1891-9.
17. Potestio L, Martora F, Lauletta G, Vallone Y, Battista T, Megna M. The role of interleukin 23/17 axis in psoriasis management: a comprehensive review of clinical trials. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2024;17:829-42.
19. Lalu MM, McIntyre L, Pugliese C, et al; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Safety of cell therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells (SafeCell): a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e47559.
20. Bruno S, Grange C, Deregibus MC, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles protect against acute tubular injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:1053-67.
21. Lai RC, Arslan F, Lee MM, et al. Exosome secreted by MSC reduces myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Stem Cell Res. 2010;4:214-22.
22. Doeppner TR, Herz J, Görgens A, et al. Extracellular vesicles improve post-stroke neuroregeneration and prevent postischemic immunosuppression. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2015;4:1131-43.
23. Buitrago JC, Morris SL, Backhaus A, et al. Unveiling the Immunomodulatory and regenerative potential of iPSC-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and their extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep. 2024;14:24098.
24. Kouroupis D, Kaplan LD, Ricordi C, Best TM. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs): a promising treatment modality for diabetic foot ulcer. Bioengineering. 2023;10:1140.
25. Wu Y, Xu R, Li Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and their derived extracellular vesicles for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2025;16:522.
26. Paprocka M, Kraskiewicz H, Bielawska-Pohl A, et al. From primary MSC culture of adipose tissue to immortalized cell line producing cytokines for potential use in regenerative medicine therapy or immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:11439.
27. Tong Y, Sun J, Jiang X, et al. Stable production of immortalized hPC-MSC-derived extracellular vesicles: integrated cargo analysis and functional validation. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2025;16:619.
28. Chen TS, Arslan F, Yin Y, et al. Enabling a robust scalable manufacturing process for therapeutic exosomes through oncogenic immortalization of human ESC-derived MSCs. J Transl Med. 2011;9:47.
29. Tan F, Li X, Wang Z, Li J, Shahzad K, Zheng J. Clinical applications of stem cell-derived exosomes. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9:17.
30. Chandran NS, Bhupendrabhai MN, Tan TT, et al. A phase 1, open-label study to determine safety and tolerability of the topical application of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) exosome ointment to treat psoriasis in healthy volunteers. Cytotherapy. 2025;27:633-41.
31. Zhang B, Lai RC, Sim WK, Choo ABH, Lane EB, Lim SK. Topical application of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes alleviates the imiquimod induced psoriasis-like inflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:720.
32. Sondell B, Thornell LE, Egelrud T. Evidence that stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme is transported to the stratum corneum extracellular space via lamellar bodies. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;104:819-23.
33. Brattsand M, Stefansson K, Lundh C, Haasum Y, Egelrud T. A proteolytic cascade of kallikreins in the stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;124:198-203.
34. Maury E, Prévost MC, Simon MF, et al. Identification of two secreted phospholipases A2 in human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol. 2000;114:960-6.
35. Harder J, Schroder JM. RNase 7, a novel innate immune defense antimicrobial protein of healthy human skin. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:46779-84.
36. Fischer H, Scherz J, Szabo S, et al. DNase 2 is the main DNA-degrading enzyme of the stratum corneum. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e17581.
37. Zhang B, Lai RC, Sim WK, Tan TT, Lim SK. An assessment of administration route on MSC-sEV therapeutic efficacy. biomolecules. 2024;14:622.
38. Munro W. Note sur l’histopathologie du psoriasis. Ann Dermatol Syph. 1898;9:961-7.
39. Abreu-Velez AM, Googe PB, Howard MS. Immune reactivity in psoriatic munro-saboureau microabscesses, stratum corneum and blood vessels. N Am J Med Sci. 2012;4:257-65.
40. Uribe-Herranz M, Lian LH, Hooper KM, Milora KA, Jensen LE. IL-1R1 signaling facilitates Munro’s microabscess formation in psoriasiform imiquimod-induced skin inflammation. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133:1541-9.
42. Tagami H, Ofuji S. Leukotactic properties of soluble substances in psoriasis scale. Br J Dermatol. 1976;95:1-8.
43. Tagami H, Ofuji S. Demonstration of C3 cleavage product in leukotactic substances of scale extract from pustular psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1977;96:94-5.
44. Dahl MV, Lindroos WE, Nelson RD. Chemokinetic and chemotactic factors in psoriasis scale extracts. J Invest Dermatol. 1978;71:402-6.
45. Weiss VC, van den Broek H, Barrett S, West DP. Immunopathology of psoriasis: a comparison with other parakeratotic lesions. J Invest Dermatol. 1982;78:256-60.
46. Terui T, Kato T, Tagami H. Stratum corneum activation of complement through the antibody-independent alternative pathway. J Invest Dermatol. 1989;92:593-7.
47. Dyring-Andersen B, Honoré TV, Madelung A, et al. Interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-22-producing neutrophils in psoriatic skin. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177:e321-2.
48. Reich K, Papp KA, Matheson RT, et al. Evidence that a neutrophil-keratinocyte crosstalk is an early target of IL-17A inhibition in psoriasis. Exp Dermatol. 2015;24:529-35.
49. Lin AM, Rubin CJ, Khandpur R, et al. Mast cells and neutrophils release IL-17 through extracellular trap formation in psoriasis. J Immunol. 2011;187:490-500.
50. Lai R, Yeo R, Tan S, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes: the future MSC-based therapy? In: Gimble JM, Bunnell BA, Editors. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy. Humana Press; 2013. pp. 39-62.
