REFERENCES
2. Haller MJ, Atkinson MA, Schatz D. Type 1 diabetes mellitus: etiology, presentation, and management. Pediatr Clin North Am 2005;52:1553-78.
3. Chen C, Cohrs CM, Stertmann J, Bozsak R, Speier S. Human beta cell mass and function in diabetes: recent advances in knowledge and technologies to understand disease pathogenesis. Mol Metab 2017;6:943-57.
4. Cho NH, Shaw JE, Karuranga S, et al. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018;138:271-81.
5. Harding JL, Pavkov ME, Magliano DJ, Shaw JE, Gregg EW. Global trends in diabetes complications: a review of current evidence. Diabetologia 2019;62:3-16.
6. Barclay A, Gilbertson H, Marsh K, Smart C. Dietary management in diabetes. Aust Fam Physician 2010;39:579-83.
7. Cannataro R, Cione E, Cerullo G, et al. Type 1 diabetes management in a competitive athlete: a five-year case report. Physiol Rep 2023;11:e15740.
8. Hu C, Jia W. Therapeutic medications against diabetes: what we have and what we expect. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019;139:3-15.
9. Zuo P, Shi JF, Yan J, et al. Effects of insulin therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents on glycemic control for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in china-a case control study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2021;129:374-8.
10. Hood JL, Wickline SA. A systematic approach to exosome-based translational nanomedicine. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012;4:458-67.
11. Haney MJ, Klyachko NL, Zhao Y, et al. Exosomes as drug delivery vehicles for Parkinson's disease therapy. J Control Release 2015;207:18-30.
12. Cho JA, Yeo DJ, Son HY, et al. Exosomes: a new delivery system for tumor antigens in cancer immunotherapy. Int J Cancer 2005;114:613-22.
13. de Jong B, Barros ER, Hoenderop JGJ, Rigalli JP. Recent advances in extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems and their potential in precision medicine. Pharmaceutics 2020;12:1006.
14. Tkach M, Théry C. Communication by extracellular vesicles: where we are and where we need to go. Cell 2016;164:1226-32.
15. Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Kim JH. A comprehensive review on factors influences biogenesis, functions, therapeutic and clinical implications of exosomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2021;16:1281-312.
16. Lu M, Huang Y. Bioinspired exosome-like therapeutics and delivery nanoplatforms. Biomaterials 2020;242:119925.
17. Li SP, Lin ZX, Jiang XY, Yu XY. Exosomal cargo-loading and synthetic exosome-mimics as potential therapeutic tools. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018;39:542-51.
18. Antimisiaris SG, Mourtas S, Marazioti A. Exosomes and exosome-inspired vesicles for targeted drug delivery. Pharmaceutics 2018;10:218.
19. Cheng L, Hill AF. Therapeutically harnessing extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022;21:379-99.
20. Doyle LM, Wang MZ. Overview of extracellular vesicles, their origin, composition, purpose, and methods for exosome isolation and analysis. Cells 2019;8:727.
21. Théry C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, et al. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J Extracell Vesicles 2018;7:1535750.
22. Brown TD, Habibi N, Wu D, Lahann J, Mitragotri S. Effect of nanoparticle composition, size, shape, and stiffness on penetration across the blood-brain barrier. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020;6:4916-28.
23. Abels ER, Breakefield XO. Introduction to extracellular vesicles: biogenesis, RNA cargo selection, content, release, and uptake. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016;36:301-12.
24. van Niel G, Carter DRF, Clayton A, Lambert DW, Raposo G, Vader P. Challenges and directions in studying cell-cell communication by extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022;23:369-82.
25. Pan BT, Johnstone RM. Fate of the transferrin receptor during maturation of sheep reticulocytes in vitro: selective externalization of the receptor. Cell 1983;33:967-78.
26. Johnstone RM, Adam M, Hammond JR, Orr L, Turbide C. Vesicle formation during reticulocyte maturation. J Biol Chem 1987;262:9412-20.
27. Harding C, Heuser J, Stahl P. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin and recycling of the transferrin receptor in rat reticulocytes. J Cell Biol 1983;97:329-39.
28. Ni J, Zhang X, Li J, et al. Tumour-derived exosomal lncRNA-SOX2OT promotes bone metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer by targeting the miRNA-194-5p/RAC1 signalling axis in osteoclasts. Cell Death Dis 2021;12:662.
29. Hou J, Yang J, Zheng X, Wang M, Liu Y, Yu DG. A nanofiber-based drug depot with high drug loading for sustained release. Int J Pharm 2020;583:119397.
30. Somanathan S, Calcedo R, Wilson JM. Adenovirus-antibody complexes contributed to lethal systemic inflammation in a gene therapy trial. Mol Ther 2020;28:784-93.
32. Zhang M, Zang X, Wang M, et al. Exosome-based nanocarriers as bio-inspired and versatile vehicles for drug delivery: recent advances and challenges. J Mater Chem B 2019;7:2421-33.
33. Wiklander OP, Nordin JZ, O'Loughlin A, et al. Extracellular vesicle in vivo biodistribution is determined by cell source, route of administration and targeting. J Extracell Vesicles 2015;4:26316.
34. Rana S, Yue S, Stadel D, Zöller M. Toward tailored exosomes: the exosomal tetraspanin web contributes to target cell selection. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012;44:1574-84.
35. Waldenström A, Gennebäck N, Hellman U, Ronquist G. Cardiomyocyte microvesicles contain DNA/RNA and convey biological messages to target cells. PLoS One 2012;7:e34653.
36. Frydrychowicz M, Kolecka-Bednarczyk A, Madejczyk M, Yasar S, Dworacki G. Exosomes-structure, biogenesis and biological role in non-small-cell lung cancer. Scand J Immunol 2015;81:2-10.
37. van der Pol E, Coumans FA, Grootemaat AE, et al. Particle size distribution of exosomes and microvesicles determined by transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and resistive pulse sensing. J Thromb Haemost 2014;12:1182-92.
38. Gangadaran P, Hong CM, Ahn BC. An update on in vivo imaging of extracellular vesicles as drug delivery vehicles. Front Pharmacol 2018;9:169.
39. Ke W, Afonin KA. Exosomes as natural delivery carriers for programmable therapeutic nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs). Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021;176:113835.
40. Zhou X, Xie F, Wang L, et al. The function and clinical application of extracellular vesicles in innate immune regulation. Cell Mol Immunol 2020;17:323-34.
41. Sherif AY, Harisa GI, Alanazi FK, Youssof AME. Engineering of exosomes: steps towards green production of drug delivery system. Curr Drug Targets 2019;20:1537-49.
42. Alvarez-Erviti L, Seow Y, Yin H, Betts C, Lakhal S, Wood MJ. Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes. Nat Biotechnol 2011;29:341-5.
43. Liang Y, Duan L, Lu J, Xia J. Engineering exosomes for targeted drug delivery. Theranostics 2021;11:3183-95.
44. Kim MS, Haney MJ, Zhao Y, et al. Development of exosome-encapsulated paclitaxel to overcome MDR in cancer cells. Nanomedicine 2016;12:655-64.
45. Sato YT, Umezaki K, Sawada S, et al. Engineering hybrid exosomes by membrane fusion with liposomes. Sci Rep 2016;6:21933.
46. Fuhrmann G, Serio A, Mazo M, Nair R, Stevens MM. Active loading into extracellular vesicles significantly improves the cellular uptake and photodynamic effect of porphyrins. J Control Release 2015;205:35-44.
47. Liu Y, Zeng Y, Si HB, Tang L, Xie HQ, Shen B. Exosomes derived from human urine-derived stem cells overexpressing miR-140-5p alleviate knee osteoarthritis through downregulation of VEGFA in a rat model. Am J Sports Med 2022;50:1088-105.
48. Zhang M, Hu S, Liu L, et al. Engineered exosomes from different sources for cancer-targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023;8:124.
49. Xu M, Feng T, Liu B, et al. Engineered exosomes: desirable target-tracking characteristics for cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disease therapies. Theranostics 2021;11:8926-44.
50. Sung BH, von Lersner A, Guerrero J, et al. A live cell reporter of exosome secretion and uptake reveals pathfinding behavior of migrating cells. Nat Commun 2020;11:2092.
51. Mehryab F, Rabbani S, Shahhosseini S, et al. Exosomes as a next-generation drug delivery system: An update on drug loading approaches, characterization, and clinical application challenges. Acta Biomater 2020;113:42-62.
52. Heinemann L, Freckmann G, Ehrmann D, et al. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring in adults with type 1 diabetes and impaired hypoglycaemia awareness or severe hypoglycaemia treated with multiple daily insulin injections (HypoDE): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2018;391:1367-77.
53. Meng H, Zhang A, Liang Y, Hao J, Zhang X, Lu J. Effect of metformin on glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018;34:e2983.
54. Xiao E, Luo L. Alternative therapies for diabetes: a comparison of western and traditional chinese medicine (TCM) approaches. Curr Diabetes Rev 2018;14:487-96.
55. Martino MM, Briquez PS, Güç E, et al. Growth factors engineered for super-affinity to the extracellular matrix enhance tissue healing. Science 2014;343:885-8.
56. Cai SS, Li T, Akinade T, Zhu Y, Leong KW. Drug delivery carriers with therapeutic functions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021;176:113884.
57. Zeynaloo E, Stone LD, Dikici E, et al. Delivery of therapeutic agents and cells to pancreatic islets: Towards a new era in the treatment of diabetes. Mol Aspects Med 2022;83:101063.
58. Rodríguez-Morales B, Antunes-Ricardo M, González-Valdez J. Exosome-mediated insulin delivery for the potential treatment of diabetes mellitus. Pharmaceutics 2021;13:1870.
59. Aqil F, Munagala R, Jeyabalan J, Agrawal AK, Gupta R. Exosomes for the enhanced tissue bioavailability and efficacy of curcumin. AAPS J 2017;19:1691-702.
60. Zhuang M, Du D, Pu L, et al. SPION-decorated exosome delivered BAY55-9837 targeting the pancreas through magnetism to improve the blood GLC response. Small 2019;15:e1903135.
61. Xu M, Chen G, Dong Y, et al. Liraglutide-loaded milk exosomes lower blood glucose when given by sublingual route. ChemMedChem 2022;17:e202100758.
62. Cione E, Cannataro R, Gallelli L, De Sarro G, Caroleo MC. Exosome microRNAs in metabolic syndrome as tools for the early monitoring of diabetes and possible therapeutic options. Pharmaceuticals 2021;14:1257.
63. Wilkinson HN, Hardman MJ. Wound healing: cellular mechanisms and pathological outcomes. Open Biol 2020;10:200223.
64. Soliman AM, Das S, Abd Ghafar N, Teoh SL. Role of microRNA in proliferation phase of wound healing. Front Genet 2018;9:38.
65. Yu P, Guo J, Li J, et al. lncRNA-H19 in fibroblasts promotes wound healing in diabetes. Diabetes 2022;71:1562-78.
66. Li X, Li N, Li B, Feng Y, Zhou D, Chen G. Noncoding RNAs and RNA-binding proteins in diabetic wound healing. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021;50:128311.
67. Shende P, Patel C. siRNA: an alternative treatment for diabetes and associated conditions. J Drug Target 2019;27:174-82.
68. Pal D. Chapter 8-miRNAs in diabetic wound healing. In: wound healing, tissue repair, and regeneration in diabetes. Academic Press; 2020.p.149-66.
70. Panico A, Tumolo MR, Leo CG, et al. The influence of lifestyle factors on miRNA expression and signal pathways: a review. Epigenomics 2021;13:145-64.
71. Chen X, Ba Y, Ma L, et al. Characterization of microRNAs in serum: a novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. Cell Res 2008;18:997-1006.
72. Yan C, Chen J, Wang C, et al. Milk exosomes-mediated miR-31-5p delivery accelerates diabetic wound healing through promoting angiogenesis. Drug Deliv 2022;29:214-28.
73. Huang J, Yu M, Yin W, et al. Development of a novel RNAi therapy: engineered miR-31 exosomes promoted the healing of diabetic wounds. Bioact Mater 2021;6:2841-53.
74. Lv Q, Deng J, Chen Y, Wang Y, Liu B, Liu J. Engineered human adipose stem-cell-derived exosomes loaded with miR-21-5p to promote diabetic cutaneous wound healing. Mol Pharm 2020;17:1723-33.
75. Born LJ, Chang KH, Shoureshi P, et al. HOTAIR-loaded mesenchymal stem/stromal cell extracellular vesicles enhance angiogenesis and wound healing. Adv Healthc Mater 2022;11:e2002070.
76. Wang Y, Cao Z, Wei Q, et al. VH298-loaded extracellular vesicles released from gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel facilitate diabetic wound healing by HIF-1α-mediated enhancement of angiogenesis. Acta Biomater 2022;147:342-55.
77. Xiang X, Chen J, Jiang T, et al. Milk-derived exosomes carrying siRNA-KEAP1 promote diabetic wound healing by improving oxidative stress. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023;13:2286-96.
78. Pop-Busui R, Boulton AJ, Feldman EL, et al. Diabetic neuropathy: a position statement by the american diabetes association. Diabetes Care 2017;40:136-54.
79. Feldman EL, Nave KA, Jensen TS, Bennett DLH. New horizons in diabetic neuropathy: mechanisms, bioenergetics, and pain. Neuron 2017;93:1296-313.
80. Khdour MR. Treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020;72:863-72.
81. Zheng M, Huang M, Ma X, Chen H, Gao X. Harnessing exosomes for the development of brain drug delivery systems. Bioconjug Chem 2019;30:994-1005.
82. Yang H, Sloan G, Ye Y, et al. New perspective in diabetic neuropathy: from the periphery to the brain, a call for early detection, and precision medicine. Front Endocrinol 2019;10:929.
83. Singh A, Raghav A, Shiekh PA, Kumar A. Transplantation of engineered exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorate diabetic peripheral neuropathy under electrical stimulation. Bioact Mater 2021;6:2231-49.
84. Fan B, Chopp M, Zhang ZG, Liu XS. Treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with engineered mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes enriched with microRNA-146a provide amplified therapeutic efficacy. Exp Neurol 2021;341:113694.
85. Rodríguez ML, Pérez S, Mena-Mollá S, Desco MC, Ortega ÁL. Oxidative stress and microvascular alterations in diabetic retinopathy: future therapies. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019;2019:4940825.
86. Simó-Servat O, Hernández C, Simó R. Diabetic retinopathy in the context of patients with diabetes. Ophthalmic Res 2019;62:211-7.
87. Pan Q, Wang Y, Lan Q, et al. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate hypoxia/reoxygenation-injured ECs via transferring microRNA-126. Stem Cells Int 2019;2019:2831756.
88. Ying W, Riopel M, Bandyopadhyay G, et al. Adipose tissue macrophage-derived exosomal miRNAs can modulate in vivo and in vitro insulin sensitivity. Cell 2017;171:372-84.e12.
89. Ferrante SC, Nadler EP, Pillai DK, et al. Adipocyte-derived exosomal miRNAs: a novel mechanism for obesity-related disease. Pediatr Res 2015;77:447-54.
90. Deng ZB, Poliakov A, Hardy RW, et al. Adipose tissue exosome-like vesicles mediate activation of macrophage-induced insulin resistance. Diabetes 2009;58:2498-505.
91. Mathieu M, Martin-Jaular L, Lavieu G, Théry C. Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication. Nat Cell Biol 2019;21:9-17.
92. Yang D, Zhang W, Zhang H, et al. Progress, opportunity, and perspective on exosome isolation - efforts for efficient exosome-based theranostics. Theranostics 2020;10:3684-707.
93. Fernandes TG, Rodrigues CA, Diogo MM, Cabral JM. Stem cell bioprocessing for regenerative medicine: Stem cell bioprocessing. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2014;89:34-47.
94. Yabu H. Self-organized precipitation: an emerging method for preparation of unique polymer particles. Polym J 2013;45:261-8.
95. Colao IL, Corteling R, Bracewell D, Wall I. Manufacturing exosomes: a promising therapeutic platform. Trends Mol Med 2018;24:242-56.
96. Agrahari V, Hiremath P. Challenges associated and approaches for successful translation of nanomedicines into commercial products. Nanomedicine 2017;12:819-23.
97. Taylor DD, Shah S. Methods of isolating extracellular vesicles impact down-stream analyses of their cargoes. Methods 2015;87:3-10.
98. Chen YS, Lin EY, Chiou TW, Harn HJ. Exosomes in clinical trial and their production in compliance with good manufacturing practice. Tzu Chi Med J 2020;32:113-20.
99. Armstrong JPK, Stevens MM. Strategic design of extracellular vesicle drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018;130:12-6.
100. Patil SM, Sawant SS, Kunda NK. Exosomes as drug delivery systems: a brief overview and progress update. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020;154:259-69.
101. Boriachek K, Islam MN, Möller A, et al. Biological functions and current advances in isolation and detection strategies for exosome nanovesicles. Small 2018;14:1702153.
102. Li M, Li S, Du C, et al. Exosomes from different cells: characteristics, modifications, and therapeutic applications. Eur J Med Chem 2020;207:112784.
103. Liu G, Wu J, Chen G, Shang A. The potential therapeutic value and application prospect of engineered exosomes in human diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022;10:1051380.
104. Zhou M, Weber SR, Zhao Y, Chen H, Sundstrom JM. Chapter 2-Methods for exosome isolation and characterization. Exosomes: Academic Press; 2020 .p.23-38.
