REFERENCES
1. Merad M, Martin JC. Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol 2020;20:355-62.
2. Lanyu Z, Feilong H. Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in lung injury and inflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019;113:108748.
3. Ragab D, Salah Eldin H, Taeimah M, Khattab R, Salem R. The COVID-19 cytokine storm; what we know so far. Front Immunol 2020;11:1446.
4. Thachil J, Tang N, Gando S, et al. ISTH interim guidance on recognition and management of coagulopathy in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18:1023-6.
5. Gómez-Mesa JE, Galindo-Coral S, Montes MC, Muñoz Martin AJ. Thrombosis and coagulopathy in COVID-19. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021;46:100742.
6. Sigfrid L, Drake TM, Pauley E, et al. ISARIC4C investigators. Long Covid in adults discharged from UK hospitals after Covid-19: a prospective, multicentre cohort study using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2021;8:100186.
7. Taquet M, Dercon Q, Luciano S, Geddes JR, Husain M, Harrison PJ. Incidence, co-occurrence, and evolution of long-COVID features: a 6-month retrospective cohort study of 273,618 survivors of COVID-19. PLoS Med 2021;18:e1003773.
8. Bazdyrev E, Rusina P, Panova M, Novikov F, Grishagin I, Nebolsin V. Lung fibrosis after COVID-19: treatment prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021;14:807.
9. Abbasi J. The COVID heart-one year after SARS-CoV-2 infection, patients have an array of increased cardiovascular risks. JAMA 2022;327:1113-4.
10. Wu X, Liu X, Zhou Y, et al. 3-month, 6-month, 9-month, and 12-month respiratory outcomes in patients following COVID-19-related hospitalisation: a prospective study. Lancet Respir Med 2021;9:747-54.
11. Krishnamachary B, Cook C, Kumar A, Spikes L, Chalise P, Dhillon NK. Extracellular vesicle-mediated endothelial apoptosis and EV-associated proteins correlate with COVID-19 disease severity. J Extracell Vesicles 2021;10:e12117.
12. Bourgonje AR, Abdulle AE, Timens W, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Pathol 2020;251:228-48.
13. Shirbhate E, Pandey J, Patel VK, et al. Understanding the role of ACE-2 receptor in pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease: a potential approach for therapeutic intervention. Pharmacol Rep 2021;73:1539-50.
14. Scialo F, Daniele A, Amato F, et al. ACE2: the major cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Lung 2020;198:867-77.
16. Esmon CT. Possible involvement of cytokines in diffuse intravascular coagulation and thrombosis. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 1999;12:343-59.
17. Joffre J, Rodriguez L, Matthay ZA, et al. COMET consortium and the Co-ACIT study group. COVID-19-associated lung microvascular endotheliopathy: a “from the bench” perspective.
18. Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Ojha R, Pedro LD, et al. Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity. Science 2020;370:856-60.
19. Guney C, Akar F. Epithelial and endothelial expressions of ACE2: SARS-CoV-2 entry routes. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2021;24:84-93.
20. Kumar A, Narayan RK, Kumari C, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry receptor ACE2 mediated endothelial dysfunction leads to vascular thrombosis in COVID-19 patients. Med Hypotheses 2020;145:110320.
21. McCracken IR, Saginc G, He L, et al. Lack of evidence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression and replicative infection by SARS-CoV-2 in human endothelial cells. Circulation 2021;143:865-8.
22. Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, Lely AT, Navis G, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol 2004;203:631-7.
23. Sarzani R, Giulietti F, Di Pentima C, Giordano P, Spannella F. Disequilibrium between the classic renin-angiotensin system and its opposing arm in SARS-CoV-2-related lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020;319:L325-36.
24. Lei Y, Zhang J, Schiavon CR, et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein impairs endothelial function via downregulation of ACE 2. Circ Res 2021;128:1323-6.
25. Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F. for the Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA 2020;324:603.
26. Zhao YM, Shang YM, Song WB, et al. Follow-up study of the pulmonary function and related physiological characteristics of COVID-19 survivors three months after recovery. EClinicalMedicine 2020;25:100463.
27. Sykes DL, Holdsworth L, Jawad N, Gunasekera P, Morice AH, Crooks MG. Post-COVID-19 symptom burden: what is long-COVID and how should we manage it? Lung 2021;199:113-9.
28. Pfaff ER, Girvin AT, Bennett TD, et al. Identifying who has long COVID in the USA: a machine learning approach using N3C data. The Lancet Digital Health 2022;4:e532-41.
29. Proal AD, VanElzakker MB. Long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): an overview of biological factors that may contribute to persistent symptoms. Front Microbiol 2021;12:698169.
30. Su Y, Yuan D, Chen DG, et al. ISB-Swedish COVID-19 Biobanking Unit. Multiple early factors anticipate post-acute COVID-19 sequelae. Cell 2022;185:881-895.e20.
31. Griffin DE. Why does viral RNA sometimes persist after recovery from acute infections? PLoS Biol 2022;20:e3001687.
32. Théry C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, et al. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J Extracell Vesicles 2018;7:1535750.
33. Tamura T, Yoshioka Y, Sakamoto S, Ichikawa T, Ochiya T. Extracellular vesicles as a promising biomarker resource in liquid biopsy for cancer. Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucleic Acids 2021;2:148-74.
34. Doyle LM, Wang MZ. Overview of extracellular vesicles, their origin, composition, purpose, and methods for exosome isolation and analysis. Cells 2019;8:727.
35. Mohan A, Agarwal S, Clauss M, Britt NS, Dhillon NK. Extracellular vesicles: novel communicators in lung diseases. Respir Res 2020;21:175.
36. Hristov M, Erl W, Linder S, Weber PC. Apoptotic bodies from endothelial cells enhance the number and initiate the differentiation of human endothelial progenitor cells in vitro. Blood 2004;104:2761-6.
38. Chen G, Huang AC, Zhang W, et al. Exosomal PD-L1 contributes to immunosuppression and is associated with anti-PD-1 response. Nature 2018;560:382-6.
40. Atay S, Wilkey DW, Milhem M, Merchant M, Godwin AK. Insights into the proteome of gastrointestinal stromal tumors-derived exosomes reveals new potential diagnostic biomarkers. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018;17:495-515.
41. Krishnamachary B, Mahajan A, Kumar A, et al. Extracellular vesicle TGF-β1 is linked to cardiopulmonary dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021;65:413-29.
43. Del Valle DM, Kim-Schulze S, Huang HH, et al. An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival. Nat Med 2020;26:1636-43.
44. West NR. Coordination of immune-stroma crosstalk by IL-6 family cytokines. Front Immunol 2019;10:1093.
45. Yuan T, Yang T, Chen H, et al. New insights into oxidative stress and inflammation during diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis. Redox Biol 2019;20:247-60.
46. Esquivel-Ruiz S, González-Rodríguez P, Lorente JA, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Herrero R, Moreno L. Extracellular vesicles and alveolar epithelial-capillary barrier disruption in acute respiratory distress syndrome: pathophysiological role and therapeutic potential. Front Physiol 2021;12:752287.
47. Yuan Z, Bedi B, Sadikot RT. Bronchoalveolar lavage exosomes in lipopolysaccharide-induced septic lung injury.
48. Shikano S, Gon Y, Maruoka S, et al. Increased extracellular vesicle miRNA-466 family in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as a precipitating factor of ARDS. BMC Pulm Med 2019;19:110.
49. Baron A, Hachem M, Tran Van Nhieu J, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with COVID-19 with invasive mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18:723-6.
50. Azoulay E, Mokart D, Lambert J, et al. Diagnostic strategy for hematology and oncology patients with acute respiratory failure: randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182:1038-46.
51. Cracco C, Fartoukh M, Prodanovic H, et al. Safety of performing fiberoptic bronchoscopy in critically ill hypoxemic patients with acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med 2013;39:45-52.
52. Li S, Zhang Y, Guan Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 triggers inflammatory responses and cell death through caspase-8 activation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020;5:235.
53. Wallach-Dayan SB, Petukhov D, Ahdut-HaCohen R, Richter-Dayan M, Breuer R. sFasL-the key to a riddle: immune responses in aging lung and disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22:2177.
54. Martinez-Lorenzo MJ, Anel A, Gamen S, Monle n I, Lasierra P, Larrad L, Pineiro A, Alava MA, Naval J. Activated human T cells release bioactive Fas ligand and APO2 ligand in microvesicles. J Immunol 1999;163:1274-1281.
55. Albertine KH, Soulier MF, Wang Z, et al. Fas and fas ligand are up-regulated in pulmonary edema fluid and lung tissue of patients with acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Pathol 2002;161:1783-96.
56. Suda T, Hashimoto H, Tanaka M, Ochi T, Nagata S. Membrane Fas ligand kills human peripheral blood T lymphocytes, and soluble Fas ligand blocks the killing. J Exp Med 1997;186:2045-50.
57. Kim JW, Wieckowski E, Taylor DD, Reichert TE, Watkins S, Whiteside TL. Fas ligand-positive membranous vesicles isolated from sera of patients with oral cancer induce apoptosis of activated T lymphocytes. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:1010-1020.
58. Klinker MW, Lizzio V, Reed TJ, Fox DA, Lundy SK. Human B cell-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines constitutively produce fas ligand and secrete MHCII(+)FasL(+) killer exosomes. Front Immunol 2014;5:144.
59. Tan L, Wang Q, Zhang D, et al. Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a descriptive and predictive study. Sig Transduct Target Ther 2020;33:5.
60. Battistelli M, Falcieri E. Apoptotic bodies: particular extracellular vesicles involved in intercellular communication. Biology (Basel) 2020;9:21.
61. Caruso S, Poon IKH. Apoptotic cell-derived extracellular vesicles: more than just debris. Front Immunol 2018;9:1486.
62. Muhsin-Sharafaldine MR, Saunderson SC, Dunn AC, Faed JM, Kleffmann T, McLellan AD. Procoagulant and immunogenic properties of melanoma exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic vesicles. Oncotarget 2016;7:56279-94.
63. Kakarla R, Hur J, Kim YJ, Kim J, Chwae YJ. Apoptotic cell-derived exosomes: messages from dying cells. Exp Mol Med 2020;52:1-6.
64. Nägele MP, Haubner B, Tanner FC, Ruschitzka F, Flammer AJ. Endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19: current findings and therapeutic implications. Atherosclerosis 2020;314:58-62.
65. Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet 2020;395:1417-8.
66. Shenoy V, Ferreira AJ, Qi Y, et al. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiogenesis-(1-7)/Mas axis confers cardiopulmonary protection against lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182:1065-72.
67. Sur S, Steele R, Isbell TS, Ray R, Ray RB. Circulatory exosomes from COVID-19 patients trigger NLRP3 inflammasome in endothelial cells. mBio 2022;13:e0095122.
68. Li B, Song TN, Wang FR, et al. Tumor-derived exosomal HMGB1 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression through inducing PD1+ TAM expansion. Oncogenesis 2019;8:17.
69. Gao W, He R, Ren J, et al. Exosomal HMGB1 derived from hypoxia-conditioned bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells increases angiogenesis via the JNK/HIF-1α pathway. FEBS Open Bio 2021;11:1364-73.
70. Anderson G, Rodriguez M, Reiter RJ. Multiple sclerosis: melatonin, orexin, and ceramide interact with platelet activation coagulation factors and gut-microbiome-derived butyrate in the circadian dysregulation of mitochondria in glia and immune cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20:5500.
71. Li Z, Chen X, Tao J, Shi A, Zhang J, Yu P. Exosomes regulate NLRP3 inflammasome in diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021;9:802509.
72. Zareba L, Szymanski J, Homoncik Z, Czystowska-Kuzmicz M. EVs from BALF-mediators of inflammation and potential biomarkers in lung diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22:3651.
74. Villacorta H, Maisel AS. Soluble ST2 testing: a promising biomarker in the management of heart failure. Arq Bras Cardiol 2016;106:145-52.
75. Krüger-Genge A, Blocki A, Franke RP, Jung F. Vascular endothelial cell biology: an update. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20:4411.
76. Fujimoto S, Fujita Y, Kadota T, Araya J, Kuwano K. Intercellular communication by vascular endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles and their MicroRNAs in respiratory diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2020;7:619697.
78. Reddy EC, Rand ML. Procoagulant phosphatidylserine-exposing platelets in vitro and in vivo. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020;7:15.
79. Puhm F, Flamand L, Boilard E. Platelet extracellular vesicles in COVID-19: potential markers and makers. J Leukoc Biol 2022;111:63-74.
80. Guervilly C, Bonifay A, Burtey S, et al. Dissemination of extreme levels of extracellular vesicles: tissue factor activity in patients with severe COVID-19. Blood Adv 2021;5:628-34.
81. Segawa K, Nagata S. An apoptotic “eat me” signal: phosphatidylserine exposure. Trends Cell Biol 2015;25:639-50.
82. Rosell A, Havervall S, von Meijenfeldt F, et al. Patients with COVID-19 have elevated levels of circulating extracellular vesicle tissue factor activity that is associated with severity and mortality-brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021;41:878-82.
83. Mackman N. Role of tissue factor in hemostasis, thrombosis, and vascular development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:1015-22.
84. Bern MM. Extracellular vesicles: how they interact with endothelium, potentially contributing to metastatic cancer cell implants. Clin Transl Med 2017;6:33.
85. Nielsen T, Kristensen AF, Pedersen S, Christiansen G, Kristensen SR. Investigation of procoagulant activity in extracellular vesicles isolated by differential ultracentrifugation. J Extracell Vesicles 2018;7:1454777.
86. Date K, Ettelaie C, Maraveyas A. Tissue factor-bearing microparticles and inflammation: a potential mechanism for the development of venous thromboembolism in cancer. J Thromb Haemost 2017;15:2289-99.
87. Kobayashi S, Koizume S, Takahashi T, et al. Tissue factor and its procoagulant activity on cancer-associated thromboembolism in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci 2021;112:4679-91.
88. Zwicker JI, Liebman HA, Neuberg D, et al. Tumor-derived tissue factor-bearing microparticles are associated with venous thromboembolic events in malignancy. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:6830-40.
89. Barberis E, Vanella VV, Falasca M, et al. Circulating exosomes are strongly involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Mol Biosci 2021;8:632290.
90. Yitbarek GY, Walle Ayehu G, Asnakew S, et al. The role of C-reactive protein in predicting the severity of COVID-19 disease: a systematic review. SAGE Open Med 2021;9:20503121211050755.
91. Ali N. Elevated level of C-reactive protein may be an early marker to predict risk for severity of COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020;92:2409-11.
92. Cirillo P, Golino P, Calabrò P, et al. C-reactive protein induces tissue factor expression and promotes smooth muscle and endothelial cell proliferation. Cardiovasc Res 2005;68:47-55.
93. Venugopal SK, Devaraj S, Yuhanna I, Shaul P, Jialal I. Demonstration that C-reactive protein decreases eNOS expression and bioactivity in human aortic endothelial cells. Circulation 2002;106:1439-41.
94. Sodhi CP, Wohlford-Lenane C, Yamaguchi Y, et al. Attenuation of pulmonary ACE2 activity impairs inactivation of des-Arg9 bradykinin/BKB1R axis and facilitates LPS-induced neutrophil infiltration. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018;314:L17-31.
95. Chung MK, Karnik S, Saef J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2: the biology and clinical data settling the ARB and ACEI controversy. EBioMedicine 2020;58:102907.
96. Roche JA, Roche R. A hypothesized role for dysregulated bradykinin signaling in COVID-19 respiratory complications. FASEB J 2020;34:7265-9.
97. Hofman Z, de Maat S, Hack CE, Maas C. Bradykinin: inflammatory product of the coagulation system. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016;51:152-61.
98. Lipcsey M, Persson B, Eriksson O, et al. The outcome of critically Ill COVID-19 patients is linked to thromboinflammation dominated by the kallikrein/kinin system. Front Immunol 2021;12:627579.
99. van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG, van Deuren M, et al. Kallikrein-kinin blockade in patients with COVID-19 to prevent acute respiratory distress syndrome. Elife 2020;9:e57555.
100. Zaid Y, Puhm F, Allaeys I, et al. Platelets can associate with SARS-Cov-2 RNA and are hyperactivated in COVID-19.
101. Puhm F, Boilard E, Machlus KR. Platelet extracellular vesicles: beyond the blood. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021;41:87-96.
102. Periayah MH, Halim AS, Mat Saad AZ. Mechanism action of platelets and crucial blood coagulation pathways in hemostasis. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2017;11:319-327.
103. Cappellano G, Raineri D, Rolla R, et al. Circulating platelet-derived extracellular vesicles are a hallmark of SARS-Cov-2 infection. Cells 2021;10:85.
104. Jansen F, Li Q, Pfeifer A, Werner N. Endothelial- and immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the regulation of cardiovascular health and disease. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2017;2:790-807.
105. Zicari S, Arakelyan A, Palomino RAÑ, et al. Human cytomegalovirus-infected cells release extracellular vesicles that carry viral surface proteins. Virology 2018;524:97-105.
106. Gould SJ, Booth AM, Hildreth JE. The Trojan exosome hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:10592-7.
107. Chelvanambi S, Bogatcheva NV, Bednorz M, et al. HIV-nef protein persists in the lungs of aviremic patients with HIV and induces endothelial cell death. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019;60:357-66.
108. Dogrammatzis C, Saleh S, Deighan C, Kalamvoki M. Diverse populations of extracellular vesicles with opposite functions during herpes simplex virus 1 infection. J Virol 2021;95:e02357-20.
109. Troyer Z, Alhusaini N, Tabler CO, et al. Extracellular vesicles carry SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and serve as decoys for neutralizing antibodies. J Extracell Vesicles 2021;10:e12112.
110. Pesce E, Manfrini N, Cordiglieri C, et al. Exosomes recovered from the plasma of COVID-19 patients expose SARS-CoV-2 spike-derived fragments and contribute to the adaptive immune response. Front Immunol 2021;12:785941.
111. Yim KHW, Borgoni S, Chahwan R. Serum extracellular vesicles profiling is associated with COVID-19 progression and immune responses. J Extracell Biol 2022;1:e37.
112. Kwon Y, Nukala SB, Srivastava S, et al. Detection of viral RNA fragments in human iPSC cardiomyocytes following treatment with extracellular vesicles from SARS-CoV-2 coding sequence overexpressing lung epithelial cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020;11:514.
113. Lee H, Groot M, Pinilla-Vera M, Fredenburgh LE, Jin Y. Identification of miRNA-rich vesicles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: insights into the function and heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles. J Control Release 2019;294:43-52.
114. Lee H, Zhang D, Wu J, Otterbein LE, Jin Y. Lung epithelial cell-derived microvesicles regulate macrophage migration via MicroRNA-17/221-induced integrin β1 recycling. J Immunol 2017;199:1453-64.
115. Frleta D, Ochoa CE, Kramer HB, et al. HIV-1 infection-induced apoptotic microparticles inhibit human DCs via CD44. J Clin Invest 2012;122:4685-97.
117. Martins ST, Alves LR. Extracellular vesicles in viral infections: two sides of the same coin? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020;10:593170.
118. Garrus JE, von Schwedler UK, Pornillos OW, et al. Tsg101 and the vacuolar protein sorting pathway are essential for HIV-1 budding. Cell 2001;107:55-65.
119. Votteler J, Sundquist WI. Virus budding and the ESCRT pathway. Cell Host Microbe 2013;14:232-41.
120. McNamara RP, Dittmer DP. Modern techniques for the isolation of extracellular vesicles and viruses. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020;15:459-72.
121. Raposo G, Nijman HW, Stoorvogel W, et al. B lymphocytes secrete antigen-presenting vesicles. J Exp Med 1996;183:1161-72.
122. Olson SD, Kambal A, Pollock K, et al. Examination of mesenchymal stem cell-mediated RNAi transfer to Huntington's disease affected neuronal cells for reduction of huntingtin. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012;49:271-81.
123. Bruno S, Collino F, Deregibus MC, Grange C, Tetta C, Camussi G. Microvesicles derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells inhibit tumor growth. Stem Cells Dev 2013;22:758-71.
124. Cocozza F, Névo N, Piovesana E, et al. Extracellular vesicles containing ACE2 efficiently prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-containing virus. J Extracell Vesicles 2020;10:e12050.
125. Inal JM. Decoy ACE2-expressing extracellular vesicles that competitively bind SARS-CoV-2 as a possible COVID-19 therapy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020;134:1301-4.
126. Fu X, Liu G, Halim A, Ju Y, Luo Q, Song AG. Mesenchymal stem cell migration and tissue repair. Cells 2019;8:784.
127. Lee JH, Park J, Lee JW. Therapeutic use of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in acute lung injury. Transfusion 2019;59:876-83.
128. Zhang SJ, Song XY, He M, Yu SB. Effect of TGF-beta1/SDF-1/CXCR4 signal on BM-MSCs homing in rat heart of ischemia/perfusion injury. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2019;20:899-905.
129. Ha DH, Kim HK, Lee J, et al. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived exosomes for immunomodulatory therapeutics and skin regeneration. Cells 2020;9:1157.
130. Al-Khawaga S, Abdelalim EM. Potential application of mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes in lung injury: an emerging therapeutic option for COVID-19 patients. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020;11:437.
131. Wei X, Yi X, Lv H, et al. MicroRNA-377-3p released by mesenchymal stem cell exosomes ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by targeting RPTOR to induce autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2020;11:657.
132. Liu J, Chen T, Lei P, Tang X, Huang P. Exosomes released by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuate lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia reperfusion via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Int J Med Sci 2019;16:1238-44.
133. Sengupta V, Sengupta S, Lazo A, Woods P, Nolan A, Bremer N. Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as treatment for severe COVID-19. Stem Cells Dev 2020;29:747-54.
134. Bauer FN, Giebel B. CHAPTER 1. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal xell-derived small extracellular vesicles. In: Chrzanowski W, Lim CT, Kim SY, editors. Extracellular vesicles. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry; 2021. pp. 1-21.
135. Börger V, Staubach S, Dittrich R, Stambouli O, Giebel B. Scaled isolation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Curr Protoc Stem Cell Biol 2020;55:e128.
