REFERENCES
1. Tsiapalis D, O’Driscoll L. Mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Cells 2020;9:991.
2. Hsu TW, Lu YJ, Lin YJ, et al. Transplantation of 3D MSC/HUVEC spheroids with neuroprotective and proangiogenic potentials ameliorates ischemic stroke brain injury. Biomaterials 2021;272:120765.
3. Regmi S, Seo Y, Ahn JS, et al. Heterospheroid formation improves therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in murine colitis through immunomodulation and epithelial regeneration. Biomaterials 2021;271:120752.
4. Cocucci E, Meldolesi J. Ectosomes and exosomes: shedding the confusion between extracellular vesicles. Trends Cell Biol 2015;25:364-72.
5. Uccelli A, Moretta L, Pistoia V. Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2008;8:726-36.
6. Rani S, Ritter T. The exosome-A naturally secreted nanoparticle and its application to wound healing. Adv Mater 2016;28:5542-52.
7. Niel G, D’Angelo G, Raposo G. Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018;19:213-28.
8. Boriachek K, Islam MN, Möller A, et al. Biological functions and current advances in isolation and detection strategies for exosome nanovesicles. Small 2018;14:1702153.
9. Clayton A, Boilard E, Buzas EI, et al. Considerations towards a roadmap for collection, handling and storage of blood extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2019;8:1647027.
10. Théry C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, et al. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J Extracell Vesicles 2018;7:1535750.
11. Chen C, Zong S, Liu Y, et al. Profiling of exosomal biomarkers for accurate cancer identification: combining DNA-PAINT with machine- learning-based classification. Small 2019;15:e1901014.
12. Huang T, Song C, Zheng L, Xia L, Li Y, Zhou Y. The roles of extracellular vesicles in gastric cancer development, microenvironment, anti-cancer drug resistance, and therapy. Mol Cancer 2019;18:62.
13. Zhao Y, Weber SR, Lease J, et al. Liquid biopsy of vitreous reveals an abundant vesicle population consistent with the size and morphology of exosomes. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018;7:6.
14. Li S, Li Y, Chen B, et al. ExoRBase: a database of circRNA, lncRNA and mRNA in human blood exosomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2018;46:D106-12.
15. Thakur BK, Zhang H, Becker A, et al. Double-stranded DNA in exosomes: a novel biomarker in cancer detection. Cell Res 2014;24:766-9.
16. Skotland T, Sandvig K, Llorente A. Lipids in exosomes: current knowledge and the way forward. Prog Lipid Res 2017;66:30-41.
17. Colombo M, Raposo G, Théry C. Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2014;30:255-89.
18. Barile L, Moccetti T, Marbán E, Vassalli G. Roles of exosomes in cardioprotection. Eur Heart J 2017;38:1372-9.
19. Hori J, Yamaguchi T, Keino H, Hamrah P, Maruyama K. Immune privilege in corneal transplantation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019;72:100758.
20. London A, Benhar I, Schwartz M. The retina as a window to the brain-from eye research to CNS disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2013;9:44-53.
21. Perez VL, Caspi RR. Immune mechanisms in inflammatory and degenerative eye disease. Trends Immunol 2015;36:354-63.
23. Robbins PD, Morelli AE. Regulation of immune responses by extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Immunol 2014;14:195-208.
24. Xu H, Jia S, Xu H. Potential therapeutic applications of exosomes in different autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2019;205:116-24.
25. Mansoor H, Ong HS, Riau AK, Stanzel TP, Mehta JS, Yam GH. Current trends and future perspective of mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes in corneal diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20:2853.
26. Klingeborn M, Dismuke WM, Bowes Rickman C, Stamer WD. Roles of exosomes in the normal and diseased eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017;59:158-77.
27. Liu S, Wang W, Ning Y, et al. Exosome-mediated miR-7-5p delivery enhances the anticancer effect of Everolimus via blocking MNK/eIF4E axis in non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022;13:129.
28. Yu B, Shao H, Su C, et al. Exosomes derived from MSCs ameliorate retinal laser injury partially by inhibition of MCP-1. Sci Rep 2016;6:34562.
29. Batsali AK, Georgopoulou A, Mavroudi I, Matheakakis A, Pontikoglou CG, Papadaki HA. The role of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) in normal and abnormal hematopoiesis and their therapeutic potential. J Clin Med 2020;9:856.
30. Phinney DG, Pittenger MF. Concise review: MSC-derived exosomes for cell-free therapy. Stem Cells 2017;35:851-8.
31. Mead B, Tomarev S. Extracellular vesicle therapy for retinal diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020;79:100849.
32. Anderson ME, Goldhaber J, Houser SR, Puceat M, Sussman MA. Embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes are not ready for human trials. Circ Res 2014;115:335-8.
33. Xie Y, Chen Y, Zhang L, Ge W, Tang P. The roles of bone-derived exosomes and exosomal microRNAs in regulating bone remodelling. J Cell Mol Med 2017;21:1033-41.
34. Di Pace AL, Tumino N, Besi F, et al. Characterization of human NK cell-derived exosomes: role of DNAM1 receptor in exosome-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12:661.
35. Counil H, Krantic S. Synaptic activity and (neuro)inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: could exosomes be an additional link? J Alzheimers Dis 2020;74:1029-43.
36. Xia X, Zhang L, Chi J, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection impairs endothelial function through an exosome-mediated mechanism. J Am Heart Assoc 2020;9:e014120.
37. Li C, Guo F, Wang X, et al. Exosome-based targeted RNA delivery for immune tolerance induction in skin transplantation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020;108:1493-500.
38. Ko KW, Park SY, Lee EH, et al. Integrated bioactive scaffold with polydeoxyribonucleotide and stem-cell-derived extracellular vesicles for kidney regeneration. ACS Nano 2021;15:7575-85.
39. Zhang C, Shang Y, Chen X, et al. Supramolecular nanofibers containing arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptides boost therapeutic efficacy of extracellular vesicles in kidney repair. ACS Nano 2020;14:12133-47.
40. Huang CC, Kang M, Lu Y, et al. Functionally engineered extracellular vesicles improve bone regeneration. Acta Biomater 2020;109:182-94.
41. Zhang K, Dong C, Chen M, et al. Extracellular vesicle-mediated delivery of miR-101 inhibits lung metastasis in osteosarcoma. Theranostics 2020;10:411-25.
42. You B, Jin C, Zhang J, et al. MSC-derived extracellular vesicle-delivered L-PGDS inhibit gastric cancer progression by suppressing cancer cell stemness and STAT3 phosphorylation. Stem Cells Int 2022;2022:9668239.
43. Kalimuthu S, Gangadaran P, Li XJ, et al. In vivo therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles with optical imaging reporter in tumor mice model. Sci Rep 2016;6:30418.
44. Ma Y, Dong L, Zhou D, et al. Extracellular vesicles from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells improve nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve transection in rats. J Cell Mol Med 2019;23:2822-35.
45. Qian Y, Li Q, Chen L, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles alleviate M1 microglial activation in brain injury of mice with subarachnoid hemorrhage via microRNA-140-5p delivery. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022;25:328-38.
46. Sha S, Shen X, Cao Y, Qu L. Mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles ameliorate Alzheimer’s disease in rat models via the microRNA-29c-3p/BACE1 axis and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2021;13:15285-306.
47. Ge L, Xun C, Li W, et al. Extracellular vesicles derived from hypoxia-preconditioned olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells enhance angiogenesis via miR-612. J Nanobiotechnology 2021;19:380.
48. Sánchez-Sánchez R, Gómez-Ferrer M, Reinal I, et al. MiR-4732-3p in extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stromal cells is cardioprotective during myocardial ischemia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021;9:734143.
49. Wang K, Li F, Yuan Y, et al. Synovial mesenchymal stem cell-derived EV-packaged miR-31 downregulates histone demethylase KDM2A to prevent knee osteoarthritis. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2020;22:1078-91.
50. Dong L, Wang Y, Zheng T, et al. Hypoxic hUCMSC-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate allergic airway inflammation and airway remodeling in chronic asthma mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021;12:4.
51. Haynesworth SE, Baber MA, Caplan AI. Cytokine expression by human marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells in vitro: effects of dexamethasone and IL-1α. J Cell Physiol 1996;166:585-92.
52. Bruno S, Grange C, Deregibus MC, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles protect against acute tubular injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:1053-67.
53. Lai RC, Tan SS, Teh BJ, et al. Proteolytic potential of the MSC exosome proteome: implications for an exosome-mediated delivery of therapeutic proteasome. Int J Proteomics 2012;2012:971907.
54. Chen TS, Lai RC, Lee MM, Choo AB, Lee CN, Lim SK. Mesenchymal stem cell secretes microparticles enriched in pre-microRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 2010;38:215-24.
55. Yu T, Zhao C, Hou S, Zhou W, Wang B, Chen Y. Exosomes secreted from miRNA-29b-modified mesenchymal stem cells repaired spinal cord injury in rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 2019;52:e8735.
56. Borderud SP, Li Y, Burkhalter JE, Sheffer CE, Ostroff JS. Electronic cigarette use among patients with cancer: characteristics of electronic cigarette users and their smoking cessation outcomes. Cancer 2014;120:3527-35.
57. Xie K, Liu L, Chen J, Liu F. Exosomal miR-1246 derived from human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells attenuates hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury by modulating T helper 17/regulatory T balance. IUBMB Life 2019;71:2020-30.
58. Lee K, Shao H, Weissleder R, Lee H. Acoustic purification of extracellular microvesicles. ACS Nano 2015;9:2321-7.
59. Zhang H, Lyden D. Asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation technology for exomere and small extracellular vesicle separation and characterization. Nat Protoc 2019;14:1027-53.
60. Lim J, Choi M, Lee H, et al. Direct isolation and characterization of circulating exosomes from biological samples using magnetic nanowires. J Nanobiotechnology 2019;17:1.
61. Inglis DW, Davis JA, Austin RH, Sturm JC. Critical particle size for fractionation by deterministic lateral displacement. Lab Chip 2006;6:655-8.
62. Wunsch BH, Smith JT, Gifford SM, et al. Nanoscale lateral displacement arrays for the separation of exosomes and colloids down to 20 nm. Nat Nanotechnol 2016;11:936-40.
63. Smith JT, Wunsch BH, Dogra N, et al. Integrated nanoscale deterministic lateral displacement arrays for separation of extracellular vesicles from clinically-relevant volumes of biological samples. Lab Chip 2018;18:3913-25.
64. Chen Y, Zhu Q, Cheng L, et al. Exosome detection via the ultrafast-isolation system: EXODUS. Nat Methods 2021;18:212-8.
66. Panchalingam KM, Jung S, Rosenberg L, Behie LA. Bioprocessing strategies for the large-scale production of human mesenchymal stem cells: a review. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015;6:225.
67. Petry F, Smith JR, Leber J, Salzig D, Czermak P, Weiss ML. Manufacturing of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells on microcarriers in a dynamic system for clinical use. Stem Cells Int 2016;2016:4834616.
68. Rafiq QA, Coopman K, Nienow AW, Hewitt CJ. Systematic microcarrier screening and agitated culture conditions improves human mesenchymal stem cell yield in bioreactors. Biotechnol J 2016;11:473-86.
69. Huleihel L, Hussey GS, Naranjo JD, et al. Matrix-bound nanovesicles within ECM bioscaffolds. Sci Adv 2016;2:e1600502.
70. Wang W, Itaka K, Ohba S, et al. 3D spheroid culture system on micropatterned substrates for improved differentiation efficiency of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2009;30:2705-15.
71. Cone AS, Yuan X, Sun L, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles ameliorate Alzheimer’s disease-like phenotypes in a preclinical mouse model. Theranostics 2021;11:8129-42.
72. Mendt M, Kamerkar S, Sugimoto H, et al. Generation and testing of clinical-grade exosomes for pancreatic cancer. JCI Insight 2018;3:99263.
73. Cui Y, Guo Y, Kong L, et al. A bone-targeted engineered exosome platform delivering siRNA to treat osteoporosis. Bioact Mater 2022;10:207-21.
74. Song P, Song N, Li L, Wu M, Lu Z, Zhao X. Angiopep-2-modified carboxymethyl chitosan-based pH/reduction dual-stimuli-responsive nanogels for enhanced targeting glioblastoma. Biomacromolecules 2021;22:2921-34.
75. Xu H, Li C, Wei Y, et al. Angiopep-2-modified calcium arsenite-loaded liposomes for targeted and pH-responsive delivery for anti-glioma therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021;551:14-20.
76. Liu X, Wu R, Li Y, et al. Angiopep-2-functionalized nanoparticles enhance transport of protein drugs across intestinal epithelia by self-regulation of targeted receptors. Biomater Sci 2021;9:2903-16.
77. Wu JY, Li YJ, Wang J, et al. Multifunctional exosome-mimetics for targeted anti-glioblastoma therapy by manipulating protein corona. J Nanobiotechnology 2021;19:405.
78. Tran PHL, Xiang D, Tran TTD, et al. Exosomes and nanoengineering: a match made for precision therapeutics. Adv Mater 2020;32:e1904040.
79. Du W, Zhang K, Zhang S, et al. Enhanced proangiogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes stimulated by a nitric oxide releasing polymer. Biomaterials 2017;133:70-81.
80. Willis GR, Fernandez-Gonzalez A, Anastas J, et al. Mesenchymal stromal cell exosomes ameliorate experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia and restore lung function through macrophage immunomodulation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018;197:104-16.
81. Ouyang X, Han X, Chen Z, Fang J, Huang X, Wei H. MSC-derived exosomes ameliorate erectile dysfunction by alleviation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle apoptosis in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018;9:246.
82. de Araujo Farias V, O’Valle F, Serrano-Saenz S, et al. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells enhance radiotherapy-induced cell death in tumor and metastatic tumor foci. Mol Cancer 2018;17:122.
83. Petrović A, Bogojević D, Korać A, et al. Oxidative stress-dependent contribution of HMGB1 to the interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in diabetic rat liver. J Physiol Biochem 2017;73:511-21.
84. Jin Z, Ren J, Qi S. Human bone mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes overexpressing microRNA-26a-5p alleviate osteoarthritis via down-regulation of PTGS2. Int Immunopharmacol 2020;78:105946.
85. Zhang X, Hsueh MF, Huebner JL, Kraus VB. TNF-α carried by Plasma extracellular vesicles predicts knee osteoarthritis progression. Front Immunol 2021;12:758386.
86. Ju C, Liu R, Zhang Y, et al. Exosomes may be the potential new direction of research in osteoarthritis management. Biomed Res Int 2019;2019:7695768.
87. Kuang MJ, Huang Y, Zhao XG, et al. Exosomes derived from Wharton’s jelly of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells reduce osteocyte apoptosis in glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rats via the miR-21-PTEN-AKT signalling pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2019;15:1861-71.
88. Hancox Z, Heidari Keshel S, Yousaf S, Saeinasab M, Shahbazi MA, Sefat F. The progress in corneal translational medicine. Biomater Sci 2020;8:6469-504.
89. Qi X, Xie L, Cheng J, Zhai H, Zhou Q. Characteristics of immune rejection after allogeneic cultivated limbal epithelial transplantation. Ophthalmology 2013;120:931-6.
90. Karp JM, Leng Teo GS. Mesenchymal stem cell homing: the devil is in the details. Cell Stem Cell 2009;4:206-16.
91. Navas A, Magaña-Guerrero FS, Domínguez-López A, et al. Anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of human amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells and their potential in corneal repair. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018;7:906-17.
92. Galindo S, Herreras JM, López-Paniagua M, et al. Therapeutic effect of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in experimental corneal failure due to limbal stem cell niche damage. Stem Cells 2017;35:2160-74.
93. Lu X, Ru Y, Chu C, et al. Lentivirus-mediated IL-10-expressing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promote corneal allograft survival via upregulating lncRNA 003946 in a rat model of corneal allograft rejection. Theranostics 2020;10:8446-67.
94. Yang YH, Hsieh TL, Ji AT, et al. Stromal tissue rigidity promotes mesenchymal stem cell-mediated corneal wound healing through the transforming growth factor β signaling pathway. Stem Cells 2016;34:2525-35.
95. Tang Q, Luo C, Lu B, et al. Thermosensitive chitosan-based hydrogels releasing stromal cell derived factor-1 alpha recruit MSC for corneal epithelium regeneration. Acta Biomater 2017;61:101-13.
96. Fernandes-Cunha GM, Na KS, Putra I, et al. Corneal wound healing effects of mesenchymal stem cell secretome delivered within a viscoelastic gel carrier. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019;8:478-89.
97. Nuzzi R, Buono L, Scalabrin S, De Iuliis M, Bussolati B. Effect of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles on damaged human corneal endothelial cells. Stem Cells Int 2021;2021:6644463.
98. Park GW, Heo J, Kang JY, et al. Topical cell-free conditioned media harvested from adipose tissue-derived stem cells promote recovery from corneal epithelial defects caused by chemical burns. Sci Rep 2020;10:12448.
99. Samaeekia R, Rabiee B, Putra I, et al. Effect of human corneal mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes on corneal epithelial wound healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018;59:5194-200.
100. Shojaati G, Khandaker I, Funderburgh ML, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells reduce corneal fibrosis and inflammation via extracellular vesicle-mediated delivery of miRNA. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019;8:1192-201.
101. Ha DH, Kim SD, Lee J, et al. Toxicological evaluation of exosomes derived from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020;115:104686.
102. Carter K, Lee HJ, Na KS, et al. Characterizing the impact of 2D and 3D culture conditions on the therapeutic effects of human mesenchymal stem cell secretome on corneal wound healing in vitro and ex vivo. Acta Biomater 2019;99:247-57.
103. Zhang W, Wang Y, Kong Y. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells modulate miR-126 to ameliorate hyperglycemia-induced retinal inflammation via targeting HMGB1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019;60:294-303.
104. Safwat A, Sabry D, Ragiae A, Amer E, Mahmoud RH, Shamardan RM. Adipose mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes attenuate retina degeneration of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rabbits. J Circ Biomark 2018;7:1849454418807827.
105. Mathew B, Ravindran S, Liu X, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles and retinal ischemia-reperfusion. Biomaterials 2019;197:146-60.
106. Shigemoto-Kuroda T, Oh JY, Kim DK, et al. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate immune responses in two autoimmune murine models: type 1 diabetes and uveoretinitis. Stem Cell Reports 2017;8:1214-25.
107. He GH, Zhang W, Ma YX, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes ameliorate blue light stimulation in retinal pigment epithelium cells and retinal laser injury by VEGF-dependent mechanism. Int J Ophthalmol 2018;11:559-66.
108. Pan D, Chang X, Xu M, et al. UMSC-derived exosomes promote retinal ganglion cells survival in a rat model of optic nerve crush. J Chem Neuroanat 2019;96:134-9.
109. Mead B, Ahmed Z, Tomarev S. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles promote neuroprotection in a genetic DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018;59:5473-80.
110. Seyedrazizadeh SZ, Poosti S, Nazari A, et al. Extracellular vesicles derived from human ES-MSCs protect retinal ganglion cells and preserve retinal function in a rodent model of optic nerve injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020;11:203.
111. Ferguson SW, Nguyen J. Exosomes as therapeutics: the implications of molecular composition and exosomal heterogeneity. J Control Release 2016;228:179-90.
112. Chatterjee N, Rana S, Espinosa-Diez C, Anand S. MicroRNAs in cancer: challenges and opportunities in early detection, disease monitoring, and therapeutic agents. Curr Pathobiol Rep 2017;5:35-42.
113. Salehi M, Sharifi M. Exosomal miRNAs as novel cancer biomarkers: challenges and opportunities. J Cell Physiol 2018;233:6370-80.
114. Zimta AA, Baru O, Badea M, Buduru SD, Berindan-Neagoe I. The role of angiogenesis and pro-angiogenic exosomes in regenerative dentistry. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20:406.
115. Reza-Zaldivar EE, Hernández-Sapiéns MA, Minjarez B, Gutiérrez-Mercado YK, Márquez-Aguirre AL, Canales-Aguirre AA. Potential effects of MSC-derived exosomes in neuroplasticity in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018;12:317.
116. Ueno M, Asada K, Toda M, et al. Concomitant evaluation of a panel of exosome proteins and MiRs for qualification of cultured human corneal endothelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016;57:4393-402.
117. Petrenko Y, Vackova I, Kekulova K, et al. A comparative analysis of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells derived from different sources, with a focus on neuroregenerative potential. Sci Rep 2020;10:4290.
118. Osborne A, Sanderson J, Martin KR. Neuroprotective effects of human mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-derived growth factor on human retinal ganglion cells. Stem Cells 2018;36:65-78.
119. Harrell CR, Fellabaum C, Arsenijevic A, Markovic BS, Djonov V, Volarevic V. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells and their secretome in the treatment of glaucoma. Stem Cells Int 2019;2019:7869130.
120. Cao X, Xue LD, Di Y, Li T, Tian YJ, Song Y. MSC-derived exosomal lncRNA SNHG7 suppresses endothelial-mesenchymal transition and tube formation in diabetic retinopathy via miR-34a-5p/XBP1 axis. Life Sci 2021;272:119232.
121. Tang ST, Wang F, Shao M, Wang Y, Zhu HQ. MicroRNA-126 suppresses inflammation in endothelial cells under hyperglycemic condition by targeting HMGB1. Vascul Pharmacol 2017;88:48-55.
122. Zhang X, Liu J, Yu B, Ma F, Ren X, Li X. Effects of mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes on the healing of large and refractory macular holes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018;256:2041-52.
123. Shi Y, Inoue H, Wu JC, Yamanaka S. Induced pluripotent stem cell technology: a decade of progress. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017;16:115-30.
124. Reichman S, Goureau O. Production of retinal cells from confluent human iPS cells. In: Turksen K, Nagy A, editors. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. New York: Springer; 2016. p. 339-51.
125. Jin ZB, Okamoto S, Mandai M, Takahashi M. Induced pluripotent stem cells for retinal degenerative diseases: a new perspective on the challenges. J Genet 2009;88:417-24.
126. Sun J, Mandai M, Kamao H, et al. Protective effects of human iPS-derived retinal pigmented epithelial cells in comparison with human mesenchymal stromal cells and human neural stem cells on the degenerating retina in rd1 mice. Stem Cells 2015;33:1543-53.
127. Reichman S, Slembrouck A, Gagliardi G, et al. Generation of storable retinal organoids and retinal pigmented epithelium from adherent human iPS cells in xeno-free and feeder-free conditions. Stem Cells 2017;35:1176-88.
128. Chang L, Kan L. Mesenchymal stem cell-originated exosomal circular RNA circFBXW7 attenuates cell proliferation, migration and inflammation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes by targeting miR-216a-3p/HDAC4 in rheumatoid arthritis. J Inflamm Res 2021;14:6157-71.
129. Riazifar M, Mohammadi MR, Pone EJ, et al. Stem cell-derived exosomes as nanotherapeutics for autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. ACS Nano 2019;13:6670-88.
130. Li Y, Ma K, Zhang L, Xu H, Zhang N. Human umbilical cord blood derived-mesenchymal stem cells alleviate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by increasing regulatory T cells in mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020;8:604021.
131. Cao L, Xu H, Wang G, Liu M, Tian D, Yuan Z. Extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuate dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis by promoting M2 macrophage polarization. Int Immunopharmacol 2019;72:264-74.
132. Hyvärinen K, Holopainen M, Skirdenko V, et al. Mesenchymal stromal cells and their extracellular vesicles enhance the anti-inflammatory phenotype of regulatory macrophages by downregulating the production of interleukin (IL)-23 and IL-22. Front Immunol 2018;9:771.
133. Zhao H, Shang Q, Pan Z, et al. Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells attenuate adipose inflammation and obesity through polarizing M2 macrophages and beiging in white adipose tissue. Diabetes 2018;67:235-47.
134. Fan Y, Herr F, Vernochet A, Mennesson B, Oberlin E, Durrbach A. Human fetal liver mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes impair natural killer cell function. Stem Cells Dev 2019;28:44-55.
135. Khare D, Or R, Resnick I, Barkatz C, Almogi-Hazan O, Avni B. Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes affect mRNA expression and function of B-lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2018;9:3053.
136. Adamo A, Brandi J, Caligola S, et al. Extracellular vesicles mediate mesenchymal stromal cell-dependent regulation of B cell PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and actin cytoskeleton. Front Immunol 2019;10:446.
137. Blazquez R, Sanchez-Margallo FM, de la Rosa O, et al. Immunomodulatory potential of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes on in vitro stimulated T cells. Front Immunol 2014;5:556.
138. Tian J, Zhu Q, Zhang Y, et al. Olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorate experimental colitis via modulating Th1/Th17 and treg cell responses. Front Immunol 2020;11:598322.
139. Zhang L, Zheng H, Shao H, et al. Long-term therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells compared to dexamethasone on recurrent experimental autoimmune uveitis of rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014;55:5561-71.
140. Dong L, Chen X, Shao H, Bai L, Li X, Zhang X. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibited dendritic cells via the regulation of STAT1 and STAT6 phosphorylation in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Curr Mol Med 2018;17:478-87.
141. Bai L, Shao H, Wang H, et al. Author correction: effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on experimental autoimmune uveitis. Sci Rep 2018;8:9889.
142. Sandhya P, Kurien BT, Danda D, Scofield RH. Update on pathogenesis of Sjogren’s syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2017;13:5-22.
143. Mavragani CP. Mechanisms and new strategies for primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Annu Rev Med 2017;68:331-43.
144. Yao G, Qi J, Liang J, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation alleviates experimental Sjögren’s syndrome through IFN-β/IL-27 signaling axis. Theranostics 2019;9:8253-65.
145. Shi B, Qi J, Yao G, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation ameliorates Sjögren’s syndrome via suppressing IL-12 production by dendritic cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018;9:308.
146. Xu J, Wang D, Liu D, et al. Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell treatment alleviates experimental and clinical Sjögren syndrome. Blood 2012;120:3142-51.
147. Rui K, Hong Y, Zhu Q, et al. Olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorate murine Sjögren’s syndrome by modulating the function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2021;18:440-51.
148. Hai B, Shigemoto-Kuroda T, Zhao Q, Lee RH, Liu F. Inhibitory effects of iPSC-MSCs and their extracellular vesicles on the onset of sialadenitis in a mouse model of Sjögren’s syndrome. Stem Cells Int 2018;2018:2092315.
149. Richter M, Vader P, Fuhrmann G. Approaches to surface engineering of extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021;173:416-26.
150. Colao IL, Corteling R, Bracewell D, Wall I. Manufacturing exosomes: a promising therapeutic platform. Trends Mol Med 2018;24:242-56.
151. Yao X, Wei W, Wang X, Chenglin L, Björklund M, Ouyang H. Stem cell derived exosomes: microRNA therapy for age-related musculoskeletal disorders. Biomaterials 2019;224:119492.
152. Bei HP, Hung PM, Yeung HL, Wang S, Zhao X. Bone-a-petite: engineering exosomes towards bone, osteochondral, and cartilage repair. Small 2021;17:e2101741.
153. Kalluri R, LeBleu VS. The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes. Science 2020;367:eaau6977.
154. Kowal J, Arras G, Colombo M, et al. Proteomic comparison defines novel markers to characterize heterogeneous populations of extracellular vesicle subtypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016;113:E968-77.
155. Witwer KW, Buzás EI, Bemis LT, et al. Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research. J Extracell Vesicles 2013;2:20360.
