fig1

Figure 1. Study design. In total, 55 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), including 12 patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN), 29 patients with non-DN complications (Non-DN), and 14 controls (CTRL), were profiled for genome-wide 5-hydroxymethylcytosines (5hmC) using the 5hmC-Seal technique and next-generation sequencing, followed by differential analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), protein-protein interaction network analysis, feature selection, and modeling to inform biological insights and evaluate biomarker potential.