fig1

Figure 1. (A) Schematic illustration of the anode-free Na-S battery based on the S/SCl₄ redox reaction with a chloroaluminate electrolyte comprising 8 M AlCl₃ and 4.5 M NaDCA in SOC_l2; (B) Schematic illustration of the conventional Na-S battery based on S/Na₂S redox chemistry using a conventional organic electrolyte; (C) Cycling performance of anode-free Na-S batteries using NaDCA and NaCl electrolytes. Adapted with permission from Ref.^[1]. Copyright ©2026 Springer Nature. NaDCA: sodium dicyanamide.