fig5

Figure 5. (A) Ordered and amorphous PEM. (A) Reprinted in part with permission from^[135]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier; (B) Schematic representation of the proton transport process in the prepared ZrP/PSHNT composites and composite membranes; (C) Water uptake, and swelling ratio of SPI and SPI-ZrP/PSHNT composite membranes; (D) Temperature-dependent in-plane proton conductivity at 100% RH for SPI-based composites (B-D) Reprinted in part with permission from^[141]. Copyright 2025, Elsevier; (E) Crystal structure of ZUT-COF-SO₃H with porous channels functionalized by sulfonic acid groups in ZUT-COF-SO₃H and building blocks in ZUT-COF-SO₃H. (F) Arrhenius curves of proton conductivity tested at 80% RH. (E and F) Reprinted in part with permission from^[142]. Copyright 2023, Royal Society of Chemistry; (G) Sketch of electric field-driven alignment of MMT nanosheets in mixed solutions; (H-K) SEM images of composite membranes; (L) Proton conductivity of composite membranes. (G-L) Reprinted in part with permission from^[152]. Copyright 2018, Taylor and Francis Ltd;‌ (M) Magnetic hysteresis curves of MNPs, DMNPs and PWA-DMNPs; inset image shows aqueous DMNPs@HPW captured by magnet. m Reprinted in part with permission from^[132]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier; (N) TEM image of pm-WS₂ nanotube; STEM-EDS image of Fe(O) and O (P); (Q) Contrast diagram: disordered water channels in conventional PFSA membranes vs. TP-oriented 1D water pathways in composite electrolytes. (N-Q) Reprinted in part with permission from^[155]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. PEM: Proton exchange membrane; HNT: halloysite nanotube; SPI: sulfonated polyimide; PSHNT: PDDA-modified sulfonated halloysite nanotube; ZUT-COF-SO₃H: sulfonated covalent organic framework; AC: alternating current; PFSA: perfluorosulfonic acid; STEM-EDS: scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; TP: through-plane; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; MNP: magnetic nanoparticle; DMNPs@HPW: polydopamine-coated magnetic nanoparticles loaded with phosphotungstic acid; MMT: montmorillonite.