fig5

Figure 5. (A) Strategies to improve the thermal stability and safety of ASSBs through material design, interface engineering, and cell protection. The subfigure illustrating additional protection is adapted from Ref.^[55] under a CC BY 4.0 license; (B) Thermal stability parameter (Th′) values of Li₃PS₄ modified by doping, where the values are marked below each element symbol across the periodic table. Adapted from Ref.^[37] under a CC BY 4.0 license; (C) Schematic diagram of the artificial Al₂O₃/a-Si interlayer at the LAGP/lithium metal interface for suppressing thermal runaway. Adapted from Ref.^[76], Copyright © 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH. ASSBs: All-solid-state batteries; a-Si: amorphous Si; LAGP: Li_1.5Al_0.5Ge_1.5(PO₄)₃; BMS: battery management system.