fig3

Figure 3. Schematic illustration of (A) Li⁺ diffusion in HTS calcination and furnace calcination process^[55]; (B) synthesis of Li_1.2Ni_0.13Co_0.13Mn_0.54O₂ with and without twin boundaries^[56] and (C) preparation of LiMn₂O₄ through HTS and tube furnace^[57]; (D) XPS spectrum of O 1s in LiMn₂O₄^[58]; (E) Hydrogen production rate of Pt/g-C₃N₄^[59]. HTS: High-temperature shock; XPS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; g-C₃N₄: graphitic carbon nitride. LRO: Li_1.2Ni_0.13Co_0.13Mn_0.54O₂; LRO-TB: Li_1.2Ni_0.13Co_0.13Mn_0.54O₂ with twin boundaries; HTLMO: LiMn₂O₄ synthesized through HTS.