REFERENCES
1. Hu, H.; Han, M.; Liu, J.; et al. Strategies for improving the design of porous fiber felt electrodes for all-vanadium redox flow batteries from macro and micro perspectives. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2025, 18, 3085-119.
2. Rahman, A.; Farrok, O.; Haque, M. M. Environmental impact of renewable energy source based electrical power plants: solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, tidal, ocean, and osmotic. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 2022, 161, 112279.
3. Dinesh, A.; Olivera, S.; Venkatesh, K.; et al. Iron-based flow batteries to store renewable energies. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2018, 16, 683-94.
4. Yuan, J.; Pan, Z.; Jin, Y.; et al. Membranes in non-aqueous redox flow battery: a review. J. Power. Sources. 2021, 500, 229983.
5. Yu, Z.; Jia, X.; Cai, Y.; et al. Electrolyte engineering for efficient and stable vanadium redox flow batteries. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2024, 69, 103404.
6. Yuan, Z.; Li, X. Perspective of alkaline zinc-based flow batteries. Sci. China. Chem. 2022, 67, 260-75.
7. Poudel, M. B.; Anand, R.; Ojha, G. P.; et al. Nitrogen coordinated atomically dispersed manganese catalyzes oxygen reduction in practical zinc-air batteries and alkaline fuel cells. J. Power. Sources. 2026, 678, 239959.
8. Ramasamy, S. K.; Mannu, P.; Backiyaleela, S. S. V.; et al. Re, Ru, and Rh (RRR) catalysts in sustainable hydrogen production via urea-assisted water electrolysis. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 522, 167201.
9. Raihan, M. A.; Dyker, C. A. Status and prospects for symmetric organic redox flow batteries. J. Energy. Chem. 2025, 100, 125-43.
10. Lei, T.; Xu, Y.; Li, Y.; et al. Recent advances in all-iron flow batteries (AIFBs). Curr. Opin. Electroche. 2025, 52, 101702.
11. Zhao, Y.; Zheng, M. Battery management system for zinc-based flow batteries: a review. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 2025, 215, 115604.
12. Tang, L.; Lu, W.; Li, X. Electrolytes for bromine-based flow batteries: challenges, strategies, and prospects. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2024, 70, 103532.
13. Shoaib, M.; Vallayil, P.; Jaiswal, N.; et al. Advances in redox flow batteries - a comprehensive review on inorganic and organic electrolytes and engineering perspectives. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2024, 14, 2400721.
14. Lourenssen, K.; Williams, J.; Ahmadpour, F.; Clemmer, R.; Tasnim, S. Vanadium redox flow batteries: a comprehensive review. J. Energy. Storage. 2019, 25, 100844.
15. Zhang, H.; Sun, C. Cost-effective iron-based aqueous redox flow batteries for large-scale energy storage application: A review. J. Power. Sources. 2021, 493, 229445.
16. Zhang, H.; Lu, W.; Li, X. Progress and perspectives of flow battery technologies. Electrochem. Energ. Rev. 2019, 2, 492-506.
17. Pilonetto, L. F.; Staciaki, F.; Nóbrega, E.; Carneiro-Neto, E. B.; Da Silva, J.; Pereira, E. Mitigating the capacity loss by crossover transport in vanadium redox flow battery: a chemometric efficient strategy proposed using finite element method simulation. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 474, 145336.
18. Yuan, Z.; Liang, L.; Dai, Q.; et al. Low-cost hydrocarbon membrane enables commercial-scale flow batteries for long-duration energy storage. Joule 2022, 6, 884-905.
19. Fan, D.; Gong, J.; Deng, S.; Yan, H.; Zhu, Q.; Jiang, H. Progress and challenges of zinciodine flow batteries: From energy storage mechanism to key components. J. Energy. Storage. 2024, 92, 112215.
20. Satola, B. Review - bipolar plates for the vanadium redox flow battery. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2021, 168, 060503.
21. Kumar, S.; Jayanti, S. Effect of flow field on the performance of an all-vanadium redox flow battery. J. Power. Sources. 2016, 307, 782-7.
22. Wlodarczyk, R.; Zasada, D.; Morel, S.; Kacprzak, A. A comparison of nickel coated and uncoated sintered stainless steel used as bipolar plates in low-temperature fuel cells. Int. J. Hydrogen. Energy. 2016, 41, 17644-51.
23. Reynard, D.; Vrubel, H.; Dennison, C. R.; Battistel, A.; Girault, H. On-site purification of copper-contaminated vanadium electrolytes by using a vanadium redox flow battery. ChemSusChem 2019, 12, 1222-8.
24. Novalin, T.; Eriksson, B.; Proch, S.; et al. Concepts for preventing metal dissolution from stainless-steel bipolar plates in PEM fuel cells. Energy. Convers. Manage. 2022, 253, 115153.
25. Shen, S.; Lin, Z.; Song, K.; et al. Reversed active sites boost the intrinsic activity of graphene-like cobalt selenide for hydrogen evolution. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 12360-5.
26. Liu, H.; Cai, T.; Song, Q.; Yang, L.; Xu, Q.; Yan, C. Electrochemical behavior of the titanium plate with carbon films in a vanadium sulfate solution. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2013, 8, 2515-23.
27. Han, J.; Yoo, H.; Kim, M.; Lee, G.; Choi, J. High-performance bipolar plate of thin IrOx -coated TiO2 nanotubes in vanadium redox flow batteries. Catal. Today. 2017, 295, 132-9.
28. Gautam, R. K.; Kumar, A. A review of bipolar plate materials and flow field designs in the all-vanadium redox flow battery. J. Energy. Storage. 2022, 48, 104003.
29. Dihrab, S. S.; Sopian, K.; Alghoul, M.; Sulaiman, M. Review of the membrane and bipolar plates materials for conventional and unitized regenerative fuel cells. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 2009, 13, 1663-8.
30. Yen, C.; Liao, S.; Lin, Y.; Hung, C.; Lin, Y.; Ma, C. M. Preparation and properties of high performance nanocomposite bipolar plate for fuel cell. J. Power. Sources. 2006, 162, 309-15.
31. Hanapi, I. H.; Kamarudin, S. K.; Beygisangchin, M.; et al. Review of recent composite bipolar plate in system development. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2024, 12, 113776.
32. Ke, X.; Prahl, J. M.; Alexander, J. I. D.; Wainright, J. S.; Zawodzinski, T. A.; Savinell, R. F. Rechargeable redox flow batteries: flow fields, stacks and design considerations. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 8721-43.
33. Lu, M.; Yin, C.; Ma, Q.; et al. Flow field structure design for redox flow battery: Developments and Prospects. J. Energy. Storage. 2024, 95, 112303.
34. Alo, O. A.; Otunniyi, I. O.; Sadiku, E. R. Processing methods for conductive polymer composite bipolar plates: effect on plate quality and performance. Fuel. Cells. 2023, 23, 136-60.
35. Karumbaiah, K. M.; Kracke, C.; Battley, M.; Bickerton, S.; Allen, T. Damage assessment of carbon-epoxy composites with and without resin flow channels. Compos. Struct. 2019, 211, 213-20.
36. Simaafrookhteh, S.; Khorshidian, M.; Momenifar, M. Fabrication of multi-filler thermoset-based composite bipolar plates for PEMFCs applications: molding defects and properties characterizations. Int. J. Hydrogen. Energy. 2020, 45, 14119-32.
37. Sietmann, M.; Janßen, H.; Müller, M.; Lehnert, W. An analysis of the imperfections and defects inside composite bipolar plates using X-ray computer tomography and resistivity simulations. Int. J. Hydrogen. Energy. 2021, 46, 25677-88.
38. Goudarzi, R.; Hashemi Motlagh, G. Relationship between pore structure with residual pore and mechanical properties of expanded graphite nanocomposites at varying molding pressures. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2021, 138, 50994.
39. Liu, Z.; Wang, B.; Yu, L. Preparation and surface modification of PVDF-carbon felt composite bipolar plates for vanadium flow battery. J. Energy. Chem. 2018, 27, 1369-75.
40. Park, H.; Woo, J. S.; Park, S. Poly(phenylene sulfide)-graphite composites for bipolar plates with preferred morphological orientation. Korean. J. Chem. Eng. 2019, 36, 2133-42.
41. Boyacı San, F. G.; Okur, O. The effect of compression molding parameters on the electrical and physical properties of polymer composite bipolar plates. Int. J. Hydrogen. Energy. 2017, 42, 23054-69.
42. Zheng, J.; Peng, Y.; Fan, R.; et al. Study on carbon matrix composite bipolar plates with balance of conductivity and flexural strength. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2023, 34, 107616.
43. Boyaci San, F. G.; Tekin, G. A review of thermoplastic composites for bipolar plate applications: thermoplastic composites for bipolar plate. Int. J. Energy. Res. 2013, 37, 283-309.
44. Yao, S.; Jin, F.; Rhee, K. Y.; Hui, D.; Park, S. Recent advances in carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites: a review. Compos. Part. B-Eng. 2018, 142, 241-50.
45. Zhou, P.; Tian, J.; Li, C.; Tang, Z. Comparative study of durability behaviors of thermoplastic polypropylene and thermosetting epoxy exposed to elevated temperature, water immersion and sustained bending loading. Polymers 2022, 14, 2953.
46. Mighri, F.; Huneault, M. A.; Champagne, M. F. Electrically conductive thermoplastic blends for injection and compression molding of bipolar plates in the fuel cell application. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2004, 44, 1755-65.
47. Hodgkin, J. H.; Simon, G. P.; Varley, R. J. Thermoplastic toughening of epoxy resins: a critical review. Polym. Adv. Technol. 1998, 9, 3-10.
48. Luo, T.; Ma, Y.; Cui, X. Review on frontal polymerization behavior for thermosetting resins: materials, modeling and application. Polymers 2024, 16, 185.
49. Liu, T.; Zhao, B.; Zhang, J. Recent development of repairable, malleable and recyclable thermosetting polymers through dynamic transesterification. Polymer 2020, 194, 122392.
50. Hsiao, M.; Liao, S.; Yen, M.; et al. Effect of graphite sizes and carbon nanotubes content on flowability of bulk-molding compound and formability of the composite bipolar plate for fuel cell. J. Power. Sources. 2010, 195, 5645-50.
51. Duan, Z.; Qu, Z.; Ren, Q.; Zhang, J. Review of bipolar plate in redox flow batteries: materials, structures, and manufacturing. Electrochem. Energy. Rev. 2021, 4, 718-56.
52. Zan, R.; Hao, B.; Tao, Z.; et al. Research on the flexibility of composite bipolar plate materials. Diamond. Relat. Mater. 2026, 161, 113127.
53. Kim, S.; Yoon, Y.; Narejo, G. M.; Jung, M.; Kim, K. J.; Kim, Y. J. Flexible graphite bipolar plates for vanadium redox flow batteries. Int. J. Energy. Res. 2021, 45, 11098-108.
54. Kang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Weng, Y.; et al. Modification of graphite-based composite bipolar plates by “nanoglue” strategy for vanadium redox flow battery. Carbon. Lett. 2025, 35, 1589-97.
55. Akhtar, M. N.; Sulong, A. B.; Umer, A.; Yousaf, A. B.; Khan, M. A. Multi-component MWCNT/NG/EP-based bipolar plates with enhanced mechanical and electrical characteristics fabricated by compression moulding. Ceram. Int. 2018, 44, 14457-64.
56. Hanapi, I. H.; Kamarudin, S. K.; Zainoodin, A. M.; et al. Electrical conductivity enhancement of chopped carbon fiber‐reinforced epoxy composite bipolar plate for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2024, 142, e56421.
57. Liao, W.; Jiang, F.; Zhang, Y.; Zhou, X.; He, Z. Highly-conductive composite bipolar plate based on ternary carbon materials and its performance in redox flow batteries. Renew. Energ. 2020, 152, 1310-6.
58. Manzoor, A. T.; Tomer, V. K.; Garmabi, M. M.; et al. Progress and perspective on thermoplastic composites for hydrogen fuel cells. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 515, 163795.
59. Jiang, F.; Liao, W.; Ayukawa, T.; Yoon, S.; Nakabayashi, K.; Miyawaki, J. Enhanced performance and durability of composite bipolar plate with surface modification of cactus-like carbon nanofibers. J. Power. Sources. 2021, 482, 228903.
60. Qin, Y.; Liu, J.; Han, Y.; et al. Constructing high-performance composite bipolar plates via multidimensional carbon networks. Polym. Compos. 2025, 46, S964-72.
61. Zhang, J.; Zhou, T.; Xia, L.; Yuan, C.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, A. Polypropylene elastomer composite for the all-vanadium redox flow battery: current collector materials. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2015, 3, 2387-98.
62. Meng, X.; Li, C.; Fan, R.; Zheng, J.; Ming, P. Catalytic curing-driven ultrafast fabrication of high-density composite bipolar plates for PEMFCs. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2025, 111480.
63. Onyu, K.; Yeetsorn, R.; Gostick, J. Fabrication of bipolar plates from thermoplastic elastomer composites for vanadium redox flow battery. Polymers 2022, 14, 2143.
64. Loktionov, P.; Kartashova, N.; Konev, D.; et al. Fluoropolymer impregnated graphite foil as a bipolar plates of vanadium flow battery. Int. J. Energy. Res. 2021, 46, 10123-32.
65. Li, W.; Jing, S.; Wang, S.; Wang, C.; Xie, X. Experimental investigation of expanded graphite/phenolic resin composite bipolar plate. Int. J. Hydrogen. Energy. 2016, 41, 16240-6.
66. Choe, J.; Woo Lim, J. Conductive nanoparticle-embedded carbon composite bipolar plates for vanadium redox flow batteries. Compos. Struct. 2024, 329, 117770.
67. Kim, K. H.; Choe, J.; Nam, S.; Kim, B. G.; Lee, D. G. Surface crack closing method for the carbon composite bipolar plates of a redox flow battery. Compos. Struct. 2015, 119, 436-42.
68. Soohyun, N.; Dongyoung, L.; Ilbeom, C.; Dai Gil, L. Smart cure cycle for reducing the thermal residual stress of a co-cured E-glass/carbon/epoxy composite structure for a vanadium redox flow battery. Compos. Struct. 2015, 120, 107-16.
69. Lee, D.; Lim, J. W.; Nam, S.; Choi, I.; Lee, D. G. Method for exposing carbon fibers on composite bipolar plates. Compos. Struct. 2015, 134, 1-9.
70. Nam, S.; Lee, D.; Lee, D. G.; Kim, J. Nano carbon/fluoroelastomer composite bipolar plate for a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Compos. Struct. 2017, 159, 220-7.
71. Lee, D.; Choe, J.; Nam, S.; Lim, J. W.; Choi, I.; Lee, D. G. Development of non-woven carbon felt composite bipolar plates using the soft layer method. Compos. Struct. 2017, 160, 976-82.
72. Choe, J.; Lim, J. W.; Kim, M.; Kim, J.; Lee, D. G. Durability of graphite coated carbon composite bipolar plates for vanadium redox flow batteries. Compos. Struct. 2015, 134, 106-13.
73. Choe, J.; Lim, J. W. Carbon-composite bipolar plate-integrated current collector for vanadium redox flow battery. J. Power. Sources. 2024, 589, 233751.
74. Choe, J.; Lee, D.; Yoon On, S.; Su Kim, S.; Woo Lim, J. Development of a spread-tow fabric composite bipolar plate with fiber-spreading effect for vanadium redox flow battery. Compos. Part. A-Appl. S. 2024, 176, 107878.
75. Jeong, J. M.; Dai, J.; Acauan, L.; et al. Aligned carbon nanotube polymer nanocomposite bipolar plates technology for vanadium redox flow batteries. Energy. Environ. Mater. 2025, 8, e70030.
76. Li, W.; Zeng, H.; Xie, Z. Preparation and properties and performance study of chopped carbon fiber/polyvinylidene fluoride/expanded graphite composite bipolar plates utilizing surface-coated carbon nanotubes. J. Solid. State. Electrochem. 2024, 29, 1611-21.
77. Zeng, H.; Li, W.; Zhu, Z.; Wu, Y.; Pan, X.; Xie, Z. Structural and performance investigation of hydroxylated carbon nanotube/expanded graphite/ carboxylated poly(ether ether ketone) composite bipolar plates for PEMFC. Int. J. Hydrogen. Energy. 2026, 200, 152148.
78. Li, W.; Zhao, Y.; Pan, X.; Liu, M.; Qiu, S.; Xie, Z. Structure and properties of carboxylated carbon nanotubes@expanded graphite/polyethersulfone composite bipolar plates for PEM. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 2055.
79. Dai, H.; Zhang, C.; Lu, Y. Carbon fiber fabric/graphite reinforced polyphenylene sulfide composite for fuel cell bipolar plates. Polym. Compos. 2025, 46, S694-704.
80. Xu, G.; Du, X.; Chang, L.; Hu, X.; Song, J. Effect of molding temperature on the properties of phenolic resin/carbon black/graphite composite bipolar plates. J. Solid. State. Electrochem. 2024, 28, 2505-13.
81. Zhou, S.; Mao, X.; Hu, X.; et al. Multi-performance synergistic optimization of sandwich-structured composite bipolar plates based on polyaniline/carbon nanotubes@nickel foam. Polym. Compos. 2025, 47, 6512-26.
82. Yeetsorn, R.; Fowler, M.; Tzoganakis, C. A review of thermoplastic composites for bipolar plate materials in PEM fuel cells. In: Nanocomposites with unique properties and applications in medicine and industry; IntechOpen: London, 2011; pp 317-344.
83. Chang, C.; Chou, H.; Hsu, N.; Chen, Y. Development of integrally molded bipolar plates for all-vanadium redox flow batteries. Energies 2016, 9, 350.
84. Zhang, J.; Zhou, T.; Xia, L.; Yuan, C.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, A. Polypropylene elastomer composite for the all-vanadium redox flow battery: current collector materials. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2015, 3, 2387-98.
85. Choe, J.; Kim, J.; Lee, D. G. Shape optimization of the corrugated composite bipolar plate (CCBP) for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). Compos. Struct. 2016, 158, 333-9.
86. Lim, J. W.; Lee, D. G. Carbon fiber/polyethylene bipolar plate-carbon felt electrode assembly for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB). Compos. Struct. 2015, 134, 483-92.
87. Liao, W.; Zhang, Y.; Zhou, X.; et al. Low-carbon-content composite bipolar plates: a novel design and its performance in vanadium redox flow batteries. Chem. Select. 2019, 4, 2421-7.
88. Yang, L.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, S.; Lin, Y.; Huang, T.; Yu, A. A novel bipolar plate design for vanadium redox flow battery application. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2017, 12, 7031-8.
89. Dongjiang, Y.; Jingyuan, L.; Litao, K. High‐temperature conductive binder for an integrated electrode bipolar plate and its application in vanadium redox flow battery. Int. J. Energy. Res. 2019, 44, 1920-9.
90. Hao, H.; Zhang, Q.; Feng, Z.; Tang, A. Regulating flow field design on carbon felt electrode towards high power density operation of vanadium flow batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 450, 138170.
91. Chai, Y.; Qu, D.; Fan, L.; Zheng, Y.; Yang, F. A parallel interdigitated flow field with higher aspect ratio for enhancing the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries. Journal. of. Energy. Storage. 2024, 97, 112800.
92. Sun, J.; Liu, B.; Zheng, M.; Luo, Y.; Yu, Z. Serpentine flow field with changing rib width for enhancing electrolyte penetration uniformity in redox flow batteries. J. Energy. Storage. 2022, 49, 104135.
93. Pan, L.; Sun, J.; Qi, H.; et al. Along-flow-path gradient flow field enabling uniform distributions of reactants for redox flow batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2023, 570, 233012.
94. Ali, E.; Kwon, H.; Kim, J.; Park, H. Numerical study on serpentine design flow channel configurations for vanadium redox flow batteries. J. Energy. Storage. 2020, 32, 101802.
95. Wang, Y.; Li, M.; Hao, L. Three-dimensional modeling study of all-vanadium redox flow batteries with the serpentine and interdigitated flow fields. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2022, 918, 116460.
96. Lu, M.; Jiao, Y.; Tang, X.; Yang, W.; Ye, M.; Xu, Q. Blocked serpentine flow field with enhanced species transport and improved flow distribution for vanadium redox flow battery. J. Energy. Storage. 2021, 35, 102284.
97. Zhu, C.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, X.; et al. The ultra-thin flexible graphite/epoxy bipolar plates adjusted by different surface tension modifiers and application in the fuel cell stack. Int. J. Hydrogen. Energy. 2024, 79, 1347-56.
98. Liu, Y.; Huang, Z.; Xie, X.; et al. Redox flow battery:Flow field design based on bionic mechanism with different obstructions. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 498, 155663.
99. Huang, Z.; Liu, Y.; Xie, X.; et al. Design and optimization of a novel flow field structure to improve the comprehensive performance of vanadium redox flow batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2025, 640, 236736.
100. Chai, Y.; Qu, D.; Fan, L.; Zheng, Y.; Yang, F. A double-spiral flow channel of vanadium redox flow batteries for enhancing mass transfer and reducing pressure drop. J. Energy. Storage. 2024, 78, 110278.
101. Yaji, K.; Yamasaki, S.; Tsushima, S.; Suzuki, T.; Fujita, K. Topology optimization for the design of flow fields in a redox flow battery. Struct. Multidisc. Optim. 2017, 57, 535-46.
102. Lee, Y.; Lee, C.; Kim, K.; Lim, D. Preparation and properties on the graphite/polypropylene composite bipolar plates with a 304 stainless steel by compression molding for PEM fuel cell. Int. J. Hydrogen. Energy. 2011, 36, 7621-7.
103. Huo, D.; Lin, C.; Dalgarno, K. An experimental investigation on micro machining of fine-grained graphite. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2014, 72, 943-53.
104. Gundlapalli, R.; Jayanti, S. Dataset on performance of large-scale vanadium redox flow batteries with serpentine flow fields. Data. in. Brief. 2021, 35, 106835.
105. Al-Yasiri, M.; Park, J. A novel cell design of vanadium redox flow batteries for enhancing energy and power performance. Appl. Energy. 2018, 222, 530-9.
106. Muñoz-Perales, V.; Van Der Heijden, M.; García-Salaberri, P. A.; Vera, M.; Forner-cuenca, A. Engineering lung-inspired flow field geometries for electrochemical flow cells with stereolithography 3D printing. ACS. Sustainable. Chem. Eng. 2023, 11, 12243-55.
107. Huang, Q.; Tong, Y.; Hu, B.; et al. High-performance polybenzoxazine based composites PEMFC bipolar plates with a multi-layer structure for surface enrichment of conductive phase. Int. J. Hydrogen. Energy. 2023, 48, 32540-52.
108. Kim, S. O.; Kim, S. Y.; Kim, M. Improving the electrical performance of a carbon fiber reinforced polymer bipolar plate using a resin squeeze-out preprocess. Compos. Commun. 2022, 32, 101156.
109. Choi, H.; Seo, D. J.; Choi, W. Y.; et al. An ultralight-weight polymer electrolyte fuel cell based on woven carbon fiber-resin reinforced bipolar plate. J. Power. Sources. 2021, 484, 229291.
110. Kang, K.; Park, S.; Jo, A.; Lee, K.; Ju, H. Development of ultralight and thin bipolar plates using epoxy-carbon fiber prepregs and graphite composites. Int. J. Hydrogen. Energy. 2017, 42, 1691-7.
111. Yang, W.; Zhang, R.; Lu, M.; Lin, Y.; Liang, L.; Xu, Q. Novel flow field design for redox flow battery using algorithmic channel generation and self-adaptive network model and experimental verification. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 499, 156346.
112. Wu, T.; Huang, Y.; Xu, B. Flow field-electrode coordination in vanadium redox flow batteries: Balancing hydraulic loss and active area through embedded flow field designs. J. Energy. Storage. 2026, 149, 120030.
113. Wu, T.; Huang, Y.; Fei, Y.; Chen, X.; Xu, B. Study on the effects of electrode fiber and flow channel arrangements on mass transfer and electrochemical performance of vanadium redox flow batteries. Energy 2024, 313, 133900.
114. Wan, S.; Jiang, H.; Guo, Z.; et al. Machine learning-assisted design of flow fields for redox flow batteries. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 2874-88.
115. Guo, Z.; Wang, Z.; Sun, J.; et al. Hydrodynamic analysis of scaling-up flow fields for redox flow batteries using a macro-segment network model. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 519, 165206.
116. Zhou, Z.; Yang, X.; Zheng, N.; Sun, Z. Numerical investigations of scalable loop-type flow fields with enhanced convective mass transfer for vanadium redox flow batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2026, 666, 239182.
117. Guo, Z.; Ren, J.; Sun, J.; et al. A split convection-enhanced flow field for stack-scale redox flow batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 511, 161937.
118. Ren, J.; Guo, Z.; Wang, Y.; et al. A convection-enhanced flow field with height-changing ribs for redox flow batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 500, 157008.
119. Yusuf, M. M.; Selamat, M.; Sahari, J.; Daud, M. M.; Tahir, M. M.; Hamdan, H. Fabrication of a flow channel for the production of polymer composite bipolar plates through hot compression molding. J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 2017, 11, 2428-42.
120. Zhang, X.; Huang, H.; Fan, J.; et al. Gradient structured composite bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. ACS. Sustainable. Chem. Eng. 2022, 10, 15846-56.
121. Lisboa, K. M.; Marschewski, J.; Ebejer, N.; et al. Mass transport enhancement in redox flow batteries with corrugated fluidic networks. J. Power. Sources. 2017, 359, 322-31.
122. Piao, Y.; Wang, S.; Balint, D.; Giuliani, F.; Saiz, E.; Gavalda-Diaz, O. Deformation and toughening of graphite at the micron scale. Acta. Mater. 2025, 299, 121428.
123. Hascelik, A.; Aslantas, K. Minimisation of micro-wall deformation through variable feed rate technique in micro-milling operations. J. Manuf. Process. 2025, 149, 770-84.
124. Chen, C.; Young, W. The Effects of Compression pressure on injection compression molding. Int. Polym. Process. 2022, 15, 176-9.
125. Ma, Y.; Li, S.; Wang, J.; Ju, L.; Liu, X. Influence of defects on bending properties of 2D-T700/E44 composites prepared by improved compression molding process. Materials 2018, 11, 2132.
126. Cunningham, B.D. The development of compression moldable polymer composite bipolar plates for fuel cells. Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 2007.
127. Ahmed, R.; Sharma, S.; Dhandapani, S.; et al. Bipolar plate flow channel designs for vanadium redox flow battery: a review. J. Power. Sources. 2026, 665, 239101.
128. Sharma, P.; Bilican, A.; Schmidt, W.; et al. Navigating harsh ageing: Unraveling galvanostatic corrosion effects on different constituents of carbon-polymer composite bipolar plates for vanadium redox flow batteries. Carbon 2024, 221, 118907.
129. Oreiro, S. N.; Jacquemond, R. R.; Boz, E. B.; Forner-cuenca, A.; Bentien, A. Investigation of the positive electrode and bipolar plate degradation in vanadium redox flow batteries. J. Energy. Storage. 2025, 132, 117689.
130. Duan, Z.; Qu, Z.; Wang, Q.; Wang, J. Structural modification of vanadium redox flow battery with high electrochemical corrosion resistance. Appl. Energy. 2019, 250, 1632-40.
131. Gupta, G.; Satola, B.; Komsiyska, L.; Harms, C.; Hickmann, T.; Dyck, A. electrochemical aging and characterization of graphite-polymer based composite bipolar plates for vanadium redox flow batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2022, 169, 080503.
132. Rudolph, S.; Schröder, U.; Bayanov, I.; Pfeiffer, G. Corrosion prevention of graphite collector in vanadium redox flow battery. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2013, 709, 93-8.
133. Liu, H.; Yang, L.; Xu, Q.; Yan, C. Corrosion behavior of a bipolar plate of carbon-polythene composite in a vanadium redox flow battery. RSC. Adv. 2015, 5, 5928-32.
134. Pezeshki, A. M.; Sacci, R. L.; Veith, G. M.; Zawodzinski, T. A.; Mench, M. M. The cell-in-series method: a technique for accelerated electrode degradation in redox flow batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016, 163, A5202-10.
135. Satola, B.; Kirchner, C. N.; Komsiyska, L.; Wittstock, G. Chemical stability of graphite-polypropylene bipolar plates for the vanadium redox flow battery at resting state. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016, 163, A2318-25.
