REFERENCES
1. Choi, J. W.; Aurbach, D. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2016, 1, 16013.
3. Ko, K.; Sung, K.; Ahn, H. Layer-by-layer-structured silicon-based electrode design for ultrafast lithium-ion batteries. Korean. J. Chem. Eng. 2024, 42, 1045-53.
4. Tan, D. H. S.; Chen, Y.; Yang, H.; et al. Carbon-free high-loading silicon anodes enabled by sulfide solid electrolytes. Science 2021, 373, 1494-9.
5. Kim, J.; Choi, J.; Park, J.; Son, H.; Choi, J.; Chae, S. Designing Si anode in sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries: insights from established strategies in lithium-ion batteries. Korean. J. Chem. Eng. 2024, 42, 1353-64.
6. Li, W.; Sun, X.; Yu, Y. Si-, Ge-, Sn-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries: from structure design to electrochemical performance. Small. Methods. 2017, 1, 1600037.
7. Liu, W.; Zhi, H.; Yu, X. Recent progress in phosphorus based anode materials for lithium/sodium ion batteries. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2019, 16, 290-322.
8. Zhang, W. A review of the electrochemical performance of alloy anodes for lithium-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2011, 196, 13-24.
9. Sun, Y.; Zhao, C.; Adair, K. R.; et al. Regulated lithium plating and stripping by a nano-scale gradient inorganic-organic coating for stable lithium metal anodes. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2021, 14, 4085-94.
10. Cao, C.; Abate, I. I.; Sivonxay, E.; et al. Solid electrolyte interphase on native oxide-terminated silicon anodes for Li-ion batteries. Joule 2019, 3, 762-81.
11. Wu, H.; Chan, G.; Choi, J. W.; et al. Stable cycling of double-walled silicon nanotube battery anodes through solid-electrolyte interphase control. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 310-5.
12. Chan, C. K.; Peng, H.; Liu, G.; et al. High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 3, 31-5.
13. Ryu, J.; Chen, T.; Bok, T.; et al. Mechanical mismatch-driven rippling in carbon-coated silicon sheets for stress-resilient battery anodes. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 2924.
14. Lewis, J. A.; Cavallaro, K. A.; Liu, Y.; Mcdowell, M. T. The promise of alloy anodes for solid-state batteries. Joule 2022, 6, 1418-30.
15. Chen, S.; Cao, Q.; Tang, B.; et al. Chemomechanical pairing of alloy anodes and solid-state electrolytes. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2024, 9, 5373-82.
16. Cangaz, S.; Hippauf, F.; Reuter, F. S.; et al. Enabling high-energy solid-state batteries with stable anode interphase by the use of columnar silicon anodes. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2020, 10, 2001320.
17. Cervera, R. B.; Suzuki, N.; Ohnishi, T.; et al. High performance silicon-based anodes in solid-state lithium batteries. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 662-6.
18. Zhang, Z.; Li, Y.; Xu, R.; et al. Capturing the swelling of solid-electrolyte interphase in lithium metal batteries. Science 2022, 375, 66-70.
19. Popovic, J. The importance of electrode interfaces and interphases for rechargeable metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 6240.
20. Weng, S.; Zhang, X.; Yang, G.; et al. Temperature-dependent interphase formation and Li+ transport in lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 4474.
21. Chen, Y.; He, Q.; Zhao, Y.; et al. Breaking solvation dominance of ethylene carbonate via molecular charge engineering enables lower temperature battery. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 8326.
22. Xu, X.; Martín-Yerga, D.; Grant, N. E.; et al. Interfacial chemistry effects in the electrochemical performance of silicon electrodes under lithium-ion battery conditions. Small 2023, 19, 2303442.
23. Zhang, X.; Wang, D.; Qiu, X.; et al. Stable high-capacity and high-rate silicon-based lithium battery anodes upon two-dimensional covalent encapsulation. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 3826.
24. Mu, T.; Sun, Y.; Wang, C.; et al. Long-life silicon anodes by conformal molecular-deposited polyurea interface for lithium ion batteries. Nano. Energy. 2022, 103, 107829.
25. Park, B.; Lee, S.; Han, D.; et al. Multiscale hierarchical design of bismuth-carbon anodes for ultrafast-charging sodium-ion full battery. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2023, 614, 156188.
26. Markevich, E.; Salitra, G.; Aurbach, D. Fluoroethylene carbonate as an important component for the formation of an effective solid electrolyte interphase on anodes and cathodes for advanced Li-ion batteries. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2017, 2, 1337-45.
27. Adenusi, H.; Chass, G. A.; Passerini, S.; Tian, K. V.; Chen, G. Lithium batteries and the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)—progress and outlook. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2023, 13, 2203307.
28. Jing, Y.; Wang, Z.; Guo, H.; et al. Functional-oriented design of gradient composite fluoride interphase for enhanced silicon anode performance. Chem. Sci. 2026, 17, 9971-81.
29. Yu, X.; Manthiram, A. Electrode-electrolyte interfaces in lithium-based batteries. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2018, 11, 527-43.
30. Kondo, J.; Iga, Y.; Otani, K.; et al. Enhanced lithium-ion transport at solid-liquid electrolyte interface via inorganic-rich layer for quasi-solid electrolytes. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2025, 129, 15231-8.
31. Wu, Q.; Qi, Y. Revealing heterogeneous electric double layer (EDL) structures of localized high-concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) and their impact on solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation in lithium batteries. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2025, 18, 3036-46.
32. Jorn, R.; Kumar, R.; Abraham, D. P.; Voth, G. A. Atomistic modeling of the electrode-electrolyte interface in Li-ion energy storage systems: electrolyte structuring. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2013, 117, 3747-61.
33. Dunwell, M.; Yan, Y.; Xu, B. Understanding the influence of the electrochemical double-layer on heterogeneous electrochemical reactions. Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng. 2018, 20, 151-8.
34. Wu, J. Understanding the electric double-layer structure, capacitance, and charging dynamics. Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 10821-59.
35. Lain, M.; Kendrick, E. Understanding the limitations of lithium ion batteries at high rates. J. Power. Sources. 2021, 493, 229690.
36. Nangir, M.; Massoudi, A.; Tayebifard, S. A. Investigation of the lithium-ion depletion in the silicon-silicon carbide anode/electrolyte interface in lithium-ion battery via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2020, 873, 114385.
37. Tateyama, Y.; Gao, B.; Jalem, R.; Haruyama, J. Theoretical picture of positive electrode-solid electrolyte interface in all-solid-state battery from electrochemistry and semiconductor physics viewpoints. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2019, 17, 149-57.
38. Yang, H.; Wu, N. Ionic conductivity and ion transport mechanisms of solid-state lithium-ion battery electrolytes: a review. Energy. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 1643-71.
39. Pan, H.; Wang, L.; Shi, Y.; et al. A solid-state lithium-ion battery with micron-sized silicon anode operating free from external pressure. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 2263.
40. Huo, H.; Jiang, M.; Bai, Y.; et al. Chemo-mechanical failure mechanisms of the silicon anode in solid-state batteries. Nat. Mater. 2024, 23, 543-51.
41. Liu, F.; Zeng, Y.; Li, Z.; et al. A gel polymer electrolyte with multiple hydrogen bonding for pressure-free Ah silicon-based pouch cells. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 11708.
42. Huang, W.; Wang, J.; Braun, M. R.; et al. Dynamic structure and chemistry of the silicon solid-electrolyte interphase visualized by cryogenic electron microscopy. Matter 2019, 1, 1232-45.
43. Tian, Y.; Tan, S.; Yang, C.; et al. Tailoring chemical composition of solid electrolyte interphase by selective dissolution for long-life micron-sized silicon anode. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 7247.
44. Han, X.; Lu, L.; Zheng, Y.; et al. A review on the key issues of the lithium ion battery degradation among the whole life cycle. eTransportation 2019, 1, 100005.
45. Verma, P.; Maire, P.; Novák, P. A review of the features and analyses of the solid electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta. 2010, 55, 6332-41.
46. Gao, Y.; Yi, R.; Li, Y. C.; et al. General method of manipulating formation, composition, and morphology of solid-electrolyte interphases for stable Li-alloy anodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 17359-67.
47. Cai, T.; Sun, Q.; Cao, Z.; et al. Electrolyte additive-controlled interfacial models enabling stable antimony anodes for lithium-ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2022, 126, 20302-13.
48. Kolagatla, S.; Collins, G. A.; Kilpatrick, J. I.; Kargin, E.; Ryan, K. M.; Rodriguez, B. J. Cycle-dependent morphology and surface potential of germanium nanowire anode electrodes. Chem. Commun. 2023, 59, 9203-6.
49. Song, C.; Han, S. H.; Moon, H.; Choi, N. S. Unlocking fast-charging capabilities of lithium-ion batteries through liquid electrolyte engineering. EcoMat 2024, 6, e12476.
50. Takenaka, N.; Bouibes, A.; Yamada, Y.; Nagaoka, M.; Yamada, A. Frontiers in theoretical analysis of solid electrolyte interphase formation mechanism. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2100574.
51. He, Y.; Wang, J.; Wang, L.; He, X. Thermodynamic understanding of formation and evolution of solid electrolyte interface in Li-ion batteries. Batteries. Supercaps. 2024, 7, e202400059.
52. Jeong, I.; Kim, S.; Kim, Y.; et al. Toward long-life high-voltage aqueous Li-ion batteries: from solvation chemistry to solid-electrolyte-interphase layer optimization against electron tunneling effect. Adv. Mater. 2024, 37, 2412652.
53. Heiskanen, S. K.; Kim, J.; Lucht, B. L. Generation and evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase of lithium-ion batteries. Joule 2019, 3, 2322-33.
54. Krauss, F. T.; Pantenburg, I.; Roling, B. Transport of ions, molecules, and electrons across the solid electrolyte interphase: what is our current level of understanding? Adv. Mater. Inter. 2022, 9, 2101891.
55. Nie, K.; Hong, Y.; Qiu, J.; et al. Interfaces between cathode and electrolyte in solid state lithium batteries: challenges and perspectives. Front. Chem. 2018, 6, 616.
56. Goodenough, J. B.; Kim, Y. Challenges for rechargeable Li batteries. Chem. Mater. 2009, 22, 587-603.
57. Delp, S. A.; Borodin, O.; Olguin, M.; Eisner, C. G.; Allen, J. L.; Jow, T. R. Importance of reduction and oxidation stability of high voltage electrolytes and additives. Electrochim. Acta. 2016, 209, 498-510.
58. Peljo, P.; Girault, H. H. Electrochemical potential window of battery electrolytes: the HOMO-LUMO misconception. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2018, 11, 2306-9.
59. Peled, E.; Golodnitsky, D.; Ardel, G. Advanced model for solid electrolyte interphase electrodes in liquid and polymer electrolytes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1997, 144, L208.
60. Mcbrayer, J. D.; Apblett, C. A.; Harrison, K. L.; Fenton, K. R.; Minteer, S. D. Mechanical studies of the solid electrolyte interphase on anodes in lithium and lithium ion batteries. Nanotechnology 2021, 32, 502005.
61. Cao, Z.; Meng, H.; Dou, P.; Wang, C.; Zheng, J.; Xu, X. Effects of solid polymer electrolyte coating on the composition and morphology of the solid electrolyte interphase on Sn anodes. J. Solid. State. Electrochem. 2016, 21, 955-66.
62. Tian, Y.; An, Y.; Zhang, B. Approaching microsized alloy anodes via solid electrolyte interphase design for advanced rechargeable batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2023, 13, 2302119.
63. Zhu, D.; Zhu, H.; Wu, H.; Yang, C. Bismuth anode engineering for tomorrow's batteries: a review of cutting-edge strategies. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2025, 75, 103978.
64. Famprikis, T.; Canepa, P.; Dawson, J. A.; Islam, M. S.; Masquelier, C. Fundamentals of inorganic solid-state electrolytes for batteries. Nat. Mater. 2019, 18, 1278-91.
65. Nakayama, M.; Wada, S.; Kuroki, S.; Nogami, M. Factors affecting cyclic durability of all-solid-state lithium polymer batteries using poly(ethylene oxide)-based solid polymer electrolytes. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2010, 3, 1995.
66. Fullerton, W. R.; Li, C. Y. Compliant solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) for enhanced anode-electrolyte interfacial stability in all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries (LMBs). ACS. Appl. Polym. Mater. 2024, 6, 7468-77.
67. Göttlinger, M.; Amrhein, S.; Piesold, C.; Weller, M.; Peters, S.; Giffin, G. A. Development of silicon polymer electrodes with a hybrid polymer electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2023, 170, 030541.
68. Han, D. Y.; Han, I. K.; Kwon, J. Y.; et al. Covalently interlocked electrode-electrolyte interface for high-energy-density quasi-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Sci. 2025, 12, 2417143.
69. Seino, Y.; Ota, T.; Takada, K. High rate capabilities of all-solid-state lithium secondary batteries using Li4Ti5O12-coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 and a sulfide-based solid electrolyte. J. Power. Sources. 2011, 196, 6488-92.
70. Grandjean, M.; Pichardo, M.; Biecher, Y.; Haon, C.; Chenevier, P. Matching silicon-based anodes with sulfide-based solid-state electrolytes for Li-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2023, 580, 233386.
71. Liu, X.; Zhang, N.; Wang, P.; et al. Ionic conductivity regulating strategies of sulfide solid-state electrolytes. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2024, 72, 103742.
72. Sakuda, A.; Hayashi, A.; Tatsumisago, M. Sulfide solid electrolyte with favorable mechanical property for all-solid-state lithium battery. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 2261.
73. Ping, W.; Yang, C.; Bao, Y.; et al. A silicon anode for garnet-based all-solid-state batteries: interfaces and nanomechanics. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2019, 21, 246-52.
74. Ma, X.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, B.; et al. Garnet Si-Li7La3Zr2O12 electrolyte with a durable, low resistance interface layer for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2020, 453, 227881.
75. Zhu, J.; Xiang, Y.; Zhao, J.; et al. Insights into the local structure, microstructure and ionic conductivity of silicon doped NASICON-type solid electrolyte Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7P3O12. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2022, 44, 190-6.
76. Zhai, Y.; Kang, W.; Li, Y.; et al. Insights into interfacial issues of layered oxide cathodes and inorganic solid electrolytes. Energy. Mater. Adv. 2025, 6, 0163.
77. Wang, A.; Kadam, S.; Li, H.; Shi, S.; Qi, Y. Review on modeling of the anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) for lithium-ion batteries. NPJ. Comput. Mater. 2018, 4, 15.
78. Jeong, W. J.; Wang, C.; Yoon, S. G.; Liu, Y.; Chen, T.; Mcdowell, M. T. Electrochemical behavior of elemental alloy anodes in solid-state batteries. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2024, 9, 2554-63.
79. Benitez, L.; Cristancho, D.; Seminario, J.; Martinez De La Hoz, J.; Balbuena, P. Electron transfer through solid-electrolyte-interphase layers formed on Si anodes of Li-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta. 2014, 140, 250-7.
80. Wang, Q.; Wang, T.; Zhang, P.; et al. Unraveling lithium-ion transport in solid electrolyte interphase: from composition to interface dynamics via molecular dynamics simulations. Small 2025, 21, 2503340.
81. Parimalam, B. S.; Macintosh, A. D.; Kadam, R.; Lucht, B. L. Decomposition reactions of anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) components with LiPF6. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2017, 121, 22733-8.
82. Yoon, T.; Milien, M. S.; Parimalam, B. S.; Lucht, B. L. Thermal decomposition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on silicon electrodes for lithium ion batteries. Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 3237-45.
83. Liu, Y.; Guo, K.; Wang, C.; Gao, H. Wrinkling and ratcheting of a thin film on cyclically deforming plastic substrate: Mechanical instability of the solid-electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries. J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 2019, 123, 103-18.
84. Li, J. L.; Wang, Y. N.; Sun, S. Y.; et al. Understanding and regulating the mechanical stability of solid electrolyte interphase in batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2024, 15, 2403845.
85. Tan, T.; Lee, P.; Marium, M.; Zettsu, N.; Yu, D. Y. W. (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane as an electrolyte additive for enhancing the thermal stability of silicon anode in lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Energy. Mater. 2022, 5, 11254-62.
86. Shin, H.; Park, J.; Han, S.; Sastry, A. M.; Lu, W. Component-/structure-dependent elasticity of solid electrolyte interphase layer in Li-ion batteries: Experimental and computational studies. J. Power. Sources. 2015, 277, 169-79.
87. Lee, Y.; Lee, T.; Hong, J.; et al. Stress relief principle of micron-sized anodes with large volume variation for practical high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2004841.
88. Kamikawa, Y.; Amezawa, K.; Terada, K. Elastic-plastic deformation of a solid electrolyte interface formed by reduction of fluoroethylene carbonate: a nanoindentation and finite element analysis study. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2020, 124, 22488-95.
89. Kumar, R.; Tokranov, A.; Sheldon, B. W.; et al. In situ and operando investigations of failure mechanisms of the solid electrolyte interphase on silicon electrodes. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2016, 1, 689-97.
90. Chen, J.; Fan, X.; Li, Q.; et al. Electrolyte design for LiF-rich solid-electrolyte interfaces to enable high-performance microsized alloy anodes for batteries. Nat. Energy. 2020, 5, 386-97.
91. Yi, X.; Qi, G.; Liu, X.; Depcik, C.; Liu, L. Challenges and strategies toward anode materials with different lithium storage mechanisms for rechargeable lithium batteries. J. Energy. Storage. 2024, 95, 112480.
92. Liu, Q.; Meng, T.; Yu, L.; et al. Interface engineering to boost thermal safety of microsized silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Small. Methods. 2022, 6, 2200380.
93. Chen, W.; Liao, Y.; Chen, K.; et al. Stable and high-rate silicon anode enabled by artificial poly(acrylonitrile)-sulfur interface engineering for advanced lithium-ion batteries. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2023, 929, 117093.
94. Zhang, Q.; Xiao, X.; Zhou, W.; Cheng, Y. T.; Verbrugge, M. W. Toward high cycle efficiency of silicon-based negative electrodes by designing the solid electrolyte interphase. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2014, 5, 1401398.
95. Wang, P.; Yang, H.; Ding, H.; Zhang, N.; Zhao, D.; Li, S. Application of in-situ characterization techniques and artificial intelligence-assisted analysis in studying electrode/electrolyte interface of batteries. Mater. Scie. Eng. R. Rep. 2026, 168, 101154.
96. Ranque, P.; Gonzalo, E.; Armand, M.; Shanmukaraj, D. Performance-based materials evaluation for Li batteries through impedance spectroscopy: a critical review. Mater. Today. Energy. 2023, 34, 101283.
97. Minato, T.; Abe, T. Surface and interface sciences of Li-ion batteries. Prog. Surf. Sci. 2017, 92, 240-80.
98. Hikima, K.; Shimizu, K.; Kiuchi, H.; et al. Operando analysis of electronic band structure in an all-solid-state thin-film battery. Commun. Chem. 2022, 5, 52.
99. Schroder, K. W.; Dylla, A. G.; Harris, S. J.; Webb, L. J.; Stevenson, K. J. Role of surface oxides in the formation of solid-electrolyte interphases at silicon electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2014, 6, 21510-24.
100. Muñoz-MÁrquez, MÁ.; Zarrabeitia, M.; Passerini, S.; Rojo, T. Structure, composition, transport properties, and electrochemical performance of the electrode-electrolyte interphase in non-aqueous Na-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. Inter. 2022, 9, 2101773.
101. Luo, H.; Zhang, B.; Zhang, H.; et al. Full-dimensional analysis of electrolyte decomposition on cathode-electrolyte interface: establishing characterization paradigm on LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode with potential dependence. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2023, 14, 4565-74.
102. Lee, C. R.; Jang, H. Y.; Leem, H. J.; et al. Surface work function-induced thermally vulnerable solid electrolyte interphase formation on the negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2023, 14, 2302906.
103. Huang, L. B.; Zhao, L.; Ma, Z. F.; et al. Vertically fluorinated graphene encapsulated SiOx anode for enhanced Li+ transport and interfacial stability in high-energy-density lithium batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202413600.
104. Cheng, K.; Tu, S.; Zhang, B.; et al. Material–electrolyte interfacial interaction enabling the formation of an inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase for fast-charging Si-based lithium-ion batteries. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 2631-41.
105. Fang, J.; Wu, K.; Qin, L.; Li, J.; Li, A.; Feng, H. Reversible silicon anodes enabled by fluorinated inorganic-organic hybrid coating. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2025, 679, 819-29.
106. Cho, Y. J.; Kim, H. S.; Im, H.; et al. Nitrogen-doped graphitic layers deposited on silicon nanowires for efficient lithium-ion battery anodes. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2011, 115, 9451-7.
107. Yeom, S. J.; Wi, T.; Ko, S.; et al. Nitrogen plasma-assisted functionalization of silicon/graphite anodes to enable fast kinetics. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2022, 14, 5237-46.
108. Song, T.; Kil, K. C.; Jeon, Y.; et al. Nitridated Si-Ti-Ni alloy as an anode for Li rechargeable batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2014, 253, 282-6.
109. Ham, S.; Sebti, E.; Cronk, A.; et al. Overcoming low initial coulombic efficiencies of Si anodes through prelithiation in all-solid-state batteries. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 2991.
110. Wang, G.; Li, F.; Liu, D.; et al. High performance lithium-ion and lithium-sulfur batteries using prelithiated phosphorus/carbon composite anode. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2020, 24, 147-52.
111. Bai, S.; Bao, W.; Qian, K.; et al. Elucidating the role of prelithiation in Si-based anodes for interface stabilization. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2023, 13, 2301041.
112. Zhang, Q.; Cui, Y.; Wang, E. First-principles approaches to simulate lithiation in silicon electrodes. Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2013, 21, 074001.
113. Kim, H. J.; Choi, S.; Lee, S. J.; et al. Controlled prelithiation of silicon monoxide for high performance lithium-ion rechargeable full cells. Nano. Lett. 2015, 16, 282-8.
114. Jang, J.; Kang, I.; Choi, J.; et al. Molecularly tailored lithium-arene complex enables chemical prelithiation of high-capacity lithium-ion battery anodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 14473-80.
115. Lee, J.; Jin, D.; Kim, J. Y.; et al. Dry pre-lithiation for graphite-silicon diffusion-dependent electrode for all-solid-state battery. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2023, 13, 2300172.
116. Yang, C.; Ma, H.; Yuan, R.; et al. Roll-to-roll prelithiation of lithium-ion battery anodes by transfer printing. Nat. Energy. 2023, 8, 703-13.
117. Bera, B.; Chakraborty, A.; Kar, T.; Leuaa, P.; Neergat, M. Density of states, carrier concentration, and flat band potential derived from electrochemical impedance measurements of N-doped carbon and their influence on electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction reaction. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2017, 121, 20850-6.
118. Zhou, E.; Jin, H.; Lv, H.; et al. Solid-state electrocatalysis in heteroatom-doped alloy anode enables ultrafast charge lithium-ion batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 20700-8.
119. Zhang, F.; Luo, W.; Yang, J. Interface heteroatom-doping: emerging solutions to silicon-based anodes. Chem. Asian. J. 2020, 15, 1394-404.
120. Lv, G.; Zhu, B.; Li, X.; et al. Simultaneous perforation and doping of Si nanoparticles for lithium-ion battery anode. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2017, 9, 44452-7.
121. Schnabel, M.; Harvey, S. P.; Arca, E.; et al. Surface SiO2 thickness controls uniform-to-localized transition in lithiation of silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2020, 12, 27017-28.
122. Kwon, J. Y.; Cho, Y.; Heo, J. J.; et al. Highly conductive locally graphitized sheath on fibrous micro-Si anode for high-energy Li-ion battery. J. Power. Sources. 2025, 660, 238530.
123. Schroder, K.; Alvarado, J.; Yersak, T. A.; et al. The effect of fluoroethylene carbonate as an additive on the solid electrolyte interphase on silicon lithium-ion electrodes. Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 5531-42.
124. Li, Q.; Liu, X.; Han, X.; et al. Identification of the solid electrolyte interface on the Si/C composite anode with fec as the additive. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2019, 11, 14066-75.
125. Etacheri, V.; Haik, O.; Goffer, Y.; et al. Effect of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) on the performance and surface chemistry of Si-nanowire Li-ion battery anodes. Langmuir 2011, 28, 965-76.
126. Li, Y.; Cao, Z.; Wang, Y.; et al. New insight into the role of fluoro-ethylene carbonate in suppressing Li-trapping for Si anodes in lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2023, 8, 4193-203.
127. Gu, M.; Wang, Z.; Connell, J. G.; et al. Electronic origin for the phase transition from amorphous LixSi to crystalline Li15Si4. ACS. Nano. 2013, 7, 6303-9.
128. Xu, Z.; Yang, J.; Qian, J.; et al. Bicomponent electrolyte additive excelling fluoroethylene carbonate for high performance Si-based anodes and lithiated Si-S batteries. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2019, 20, 388-94.
129. Chen, L.; Wang, K.; Xie, X.; Xie, J. Effect of vinylene carbonate (VC) as electrolyte additive on electrochemical performance of Si film anode for lithium ion batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2007, 174, 538-43.
130. De La Hoz JM, Balbuena PB. Reduction mechanisms of additives on Si anodes of Li-ion batteries. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 17091-8.
131. Lin, L.; Yang, K.; Chen, H.; Pan, F. In situ atomic force microscope observing the effect of vinylene carbonate on the formation of solid-electrolyte interphase layer during the initial cycle. Funct. Mater. Lett. 2017, 10, 1750052.
132. Yang, Y.; Xiong, J.; Lai, S.; et al. Vinyl ethylene carbonate as an effective SEI-forming additive in carbonate-based electrolyte for lithium-metal anodes. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2019, 11, 6118-25.
133. Chalasani, D.; Li, J.; Jackson, N. M.; Payne, M.; Lucht, B. L. Methylene ethylene carbonate: novel additive to improve the high temperature performance of lithium ion batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2012, 208, 67-73.
134. Park, S.; Jeong, S. Y.; Lee, T. K.; et al. Replacing conventional battery electrolyte additives with dioxolone derivatives for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 838.
135. Li, A.; Wang, Z.; Pollard, T. P.; et al. High voltage electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries with micro-sized silicon anodes. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 1206.
136. Yang, W.; Li, S.; Liu, Y.; et al. Selective interfacial polymerization improves reversibility of Si anodes. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 514, 163168.
137. Ma, Z.; Ruan, D.; Wang, D.; et al. Selective methylation of cyclic ether towards highly elastic solid electrolyte interphase for silicon-based anodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 64, e202414859.
138. Zeng, G.; An, Y.; Xiong, S.; Feng, J. Nonflammable fluorinated carbonate electrolyte with high salt-to-solvent ratios enables stable silicon-based anode for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2019, 11, 23229-35.
139. Chang, K.; Bui, T. A. N.; Niu, R.; Chen, Y.; Su, Y. Coral-shaped AlSi anode materials for Li-ion batteries enabled by THF-based electrolyte. J. Energy. Storage. 2024, 96, 112597.
140. Hu, D.; Wu, C.; He, Q.; et al. Novel strategies for constructing highly efficient silicon/carbon anodes: chemical prelithiation and electrolyte post-treatment. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2025, 688, 215-24.
141. Veith, G. M.; Doucet, M.; Sacci, R. L.; Vacaliuc, B.; Baldwin, J. K.; Browning, J. F. Determination of the solid electrolyte interphase structure grown on a silicon electrode using a fluoroethylene carbonate additive. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 6326.
142. Yang, G.; Frisco, S.; Tao, R.; et al. Robust solid/electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on Si anodes using glyme-based electrolytes. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2021, 6, 1684-93.
143. Lin, F.; Tran, N. T. T.; Hsu, W. Effect of 1,3-propane sultone on the formation of solid electrolyte interphase at Li-ion battery anode surface: a first-principles study. ACS. Omega. 2020, 5, 13541-7.
144. Liu, X.; Zhang, T.; Shi, X.; et al. Hierarchical sulfide-rich modification layer on SiO/C anode for low-temperature Li-ion batteries. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2104531.
145. Tian, M.; Jin, Z.; Song, Z.; et al. Domino reactions enabling sulfur-mediated gradient interphases for high-energy lithium batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 21600-11.
146. Piñuela-noval, J.; Fernández-González, D.; Brutti, S.; et al. Metal carbide additives in graphite-silicon composites for lithium-ion batteries. ChemElectroChem 2023, 10, e202300339.
147. Uppuluri, R.; Lapidus, S. H.; Zhang, Y.; Vaughey, J. T.; Dogan, F.; Key, B. Electrochemical formation of Li-M-(Mʹ)-Si phases using multivalent electrolyte salt additives. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2023, 170, 030501.
148. Han, G.; Lee, J.; Choi, J. W.; Park, J. Tris(pentafluorophenyl) borane as an electrolyte additive for high performance silicon thin film electrodes in lithium ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta. 2011, 56, 8997-9003.
149. Wu, R.; Du, X.; Liu, T.; et al. Robust and fast-ion conducting interphase empowering SiOx anode toward high energy lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2023, 14, 2302899.
150. Asheim, K.; Holsen, I. F.; Renmann, V.; et al. Enabling the use of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide as electrolyte salt for Li-ion batteries based on silicon anodes and Li(Ni0.4Co0.4Mn0.2)O2 cathodes by salt additives. Batteries. Supercaps. 2024, 7, e202300541.
151. Rynearson, L.; Jayawardana, C.; Yeddala, M.; Lucht, B. L. Improved performance of silicon-containing anodes with organic solvent-solubilized lithium nitrate. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2023, 170, 060525.
152. Park, S.; Liu, H.; Quinn, J.; et al. Surface and bulk stabilization of silicon anodes with mixed-multivalent additives: Ca(TFSI)2 and Mg(TFSI)2. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2024, 16, 20341-51.
153. Zhang, Y.; Li, X.; Sivonxay, E.; et al. Silicon anodes with improved calendar life enabled by multivalent additives. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2021, 11, 2101820.
154. Xu, N.; Sun, Y.; Shi, J.; et al. Fluorinated cyclic siloxane additives for high energy density Li-ion batteries with high nickel cathodes and silicon-carbon anodes. J. Power. Sources. 2021, 511, 230437.
155. Wei, L.; Jin, Z.; Lu, J.; et al. In-situ construction of hybrid artificial SEI with fluorinated siloxane to enable dendrite-free Li metal anodes. J. Materiomics. 2023, 9, 318-27.
156. Wang, B.; Ryu, J.; Choi, S.; et al. Ultrafast-charging silicon-based coral-like network anodes for lithium-ion batteries with high energy and power densities. ACS. Nano. 2019, 13, 2307-15.
157. Tan, W.; Yang, F.; Lu, Z.; Xu, Z. A design strategy of carbon coatings on silicon nanoparticles as anodes of high-performance lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Energy. Mater. 2022, 5, 12143-50.
158. Fu, K.; Xue, L.; Yildiz, O.; et al. Effect of CVD carbon coatings on Si@CNF composite as anode for lithium-ion batteries. Nano. Energy. 2013, 2, 976-86.
159. Qi, C.; Li, S.; Yang, Z.; et al. Suitable thickness of carbon coating layers for silicon anode. Carbon 2022, 186, 530-8.
160. Wang, B.; Ryu, J.; Choi, S.; et al. Folding graphene film yields high areal energy storage in lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Nano. 2018, 12, 1739-46.
161. Lu, Y.; Ye, Z.; Zhao, Y.; et al. Graphene supported double-layer carbon encapsulated silicon for high-performance lithium-ion battery anode materials. Carbon 2023, 201, 962-71.
162. Zhang, C.; Peng, X.; Guo, Z.; et al. Carbon-coated SnO2/graphene nanosheets as highly reversible anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Carbon 2012, 50, 1897-903.
163. Son, I. H.; Hwan, Park. J.; Kwon, S.; et al. Silicon carbide-free graphene growth on silicon for lithium-ion battery with high volumetric energy density. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7393.
164. Li, Z.; Zhao, Z.; Pan, S.; et al. Covalent coating of micro-sized silicon with dynamically bonded graphene layers toward stably cycled lithium storage. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2023, 13, 2300874.
165. Bischof, K.; Flügel, M.; Hölzle, M.; Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, M.; Waldmann, T. Aging mechanism for calendar aging of Li-ion cells with Si/graphite anodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2024, 171, 010510.
166. Mcbrayer, J. D.; Rodrigues, M. F.; Schulze, M. C.; et al. Calendar aging of silicon-containing batteries. Nat. Energy. 2021, 6, 866-72.
167. Sun, K.; Zhang, Z.; Fu, K.; et al. Tracing the origins of calendar aging in Si-containing lithium-ion batteries. Nano. Lett. 2025, 25, 931-8.
168. Xu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Hu, Q.; et al. In situ copper coating on silicon particles enables long durable anodes in lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2024, 16, 5058-66.
169. Wang, F.; Xu, S.; Zhu, S.; et al. Ni-coated Si microchannel plate electrodes in three-dimensional lithium-ion battery anodes. Electrochim. Acta. 2013, 87, 250-5.
170. Baek, S.; Park, J.; Jeong, Y.; Kim, J. H. Facile synthesis of Ag-coated silicon nanowires as anode materials for high-performance rechargeable lithium battery. J. Alloys. Compd. 2016, 660, 387-91.
171. Lotfabad, E. M.; Kalisvaart, P.; Kohandehghan, A.; et al. Si nanotubes ALD coated with TiO2, TiN or Al2O3 as high performance lithium ion battery anodes. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2014, 2, 13746.
172. Zhu, H.; Shiraz, M. H. A.; Liu, L.; Hu, Y.; Liu, J. A facile and low-cost Al2O3 coating as an artificial solid electrolyte interphase layer on graphite/silicon composites for lithium-ion batteries. Nanotechnology 2021, 32, 144001.
173. Jeong, G.; Kim, J.; Kim, Y.; Kim, Y. Multifunctional TiO2 coating for a SiO anode in Li-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 7999.
174. Bai, Y.; Yan, D.; Yu, C.; et al. Core-shell Si@TiO2 nanosphere anode by atomic layer deposition for Li-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2016, 308, 75-82.
175. Yang, L. Y.; Li, H. Z.; Liu, J.; Sun, Z. Q.; Tang, S. S.; Lei, M. Dual yolk-shell structure of carbon and silica-coated silicon for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 10908.
176. Chen, T.; Wu, J.; Zhang, Q.; Su, X. Recent advancement of SiOx based anodes for lithium-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2017, 363, 126-44.
177. Sim, S.; Oh, P.; Park, S.; Cho, J. Critical thickness of SiO2 coating layer on core@shell bulk@nanowire Si anode materials for Li-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 4498-503.
178. Sung, J.; Ma, J.; Choi, S. H.; et al. Fabrication of lamellar nanosphere structure for effective stress-management in large-volume-variation anodes of high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1900970.
179. Li, K.; Jiang, Z.; Guo, L.; et al. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-based SiOC coating for robust silicon nanoparticle anodes in lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Energy. Mater. 2025, 8, 7052-60.
180. Wang, W.; Wang, Y.; Huang, W.; et al. In situ developed Si@polymethyl methacrylate capsule as a Li-ion battery anode with high-rate and long cycle-life. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2021, 13, 6919-29.
181. Ai, Q.; Fang, Q.; Liang, J.; et al. Lithium-conducting covalent-organic-frameworks as artificial solid-electrolyte-interphase on silicon anode for high performance lithium ion batteries. Nano. Energy. 2020, 72, 104657.
182. Li, X.; Liu, W.; Wang, Y.; et al. Decorating silicon surface by an electroactive covalent organic framework to develop high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2024, 66, 103207.
183. Han, D. Y.; Han, I. K.; Son, J.; et al. Molecular engineering of coacervate network binders for stable silicon-based anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, e09445.
184. Kwon, J. Y.; Lyu, J.; Kim, E.; et al. Assembling a dense grid structure with green polyhydroxyurethane and a high-capacity Si-based anode for lithium ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2024, 12, 15996-6006.
185. Balqis, F.; Eldona, C.; Laksono, B. T.; et al. Conductive polymer frameworks in silicon anodes for advanced lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Polym. Mater. 2023, 5, 4933-52.
186. Yu, Y.; Zhu, J.; Zeng, K.; Jiang, M. Mechanically robust and superior conductive n-type polymer binders for high-performance micro-silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2021, 9, 3472-81.
187. Pan, S.; Han, J.; Wang, Y.; et al. Integrating SEI into layered conductive polymer coatings for ultrastable silicon anodes. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2203617.
188. Yu, Y.; Yang, C.; Jiang, Y.; et al. Sponge-like porous-conductive polymer coating for ultrastable silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Small 2023, 19, 2303779.
189. Wu, M.; Xiao, X.; Vukmirovic, N.; et al. Toward an ideal polymer binder design for high-capacity battery anodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 12048-56.
190. Zhu, T.; Sternlicht, H.; Ha, Y.; et al. Formation of hierarchically ordered structures in conductive polymers to enhance the performances of lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Energy. 2023, 8, 129-37.
191. Han, D.; Han, I. K.; Jang, H. Y.; et al. Interface engineering of Si-based anodes with fluorinated binder enabling lean-additive lithium-ion batteries. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2024, 65, 103176.
192. Cao, D.; Ji, T.; Singh, A.; et al. Unveiling the mechanical and electrochemical evolution of nanosilicon composite anodes in sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2023, 13, 2203969.
193. Piper, D. M.; Yersak, T. A.; Lee, S. Effect of compressive stress on electrochemical performance of silicon anodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2012, 160, A77-81.
194. Endo, R.; Ohnishi, T.; Takada, K.; Masuda, T. In situ observation of lithiation and delithiation reactions of a silicon thin film electrode for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2020, 11, 6649-54.
195. Andersson, E. K. W.; Sångeland, C.; Berggren, E.; et al. Early-stage decomposition of solid polymer electrolytes in Li-metal batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2021, 9, 22462-71.
196. Narayanan, S.; Ulissi, U.; Gibson, J. S.; Chart, Y. A.; Weatherup, R. S.; Pasta, M. Effect of current density on the solid electrolyte interphase formation at the lithium∣Li6PS5Cl interface. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 7237.
197. Tan, D. H. S.; Wu, E. A.; Nguyen, H.; et al. Elucidating reversible electrochemical redox of Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2019, 4, 2418-27.
198. Kim, J.; Kim, C.; Jang, I.; et al. Si nanoparticles embedded in carbon nanofiber sheathed with Li6PS5Cl as an anode material for all-solid-state batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2021, 510, 230425.
199. Zhang, W.; Lu, Y.; Wan, L.; et al. Engineering a passivating electric double layer for high performance lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 2029.
200. Wu, Q.; Mcdowell, M. T.; Qi, Y. Effect of the electric double layer (EDL) in multicomponent electrolyte reduction and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation in lithium batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 2473-84.
201. Yuan, X.; Cheng, D.; Liu, B.; et al. Engineering battery corrosion films by tuning electrical double layer composition. Joule 2024, 8, 3038-53.
202. Sun, S.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Li, J.; Zheng, Z.; Huang, J. Understanding the transport mechanism of lithium ions in solid-electrolyte interphase in lithium metal batteries with liquid electrolytes. Mater. Today. 2024, 77, 39-65.
203. Kim, J.; Yu, S.; Park, H.; et al. A uniform lithium ion flux and robust interphase enabled by an anion anchoring additive for high energy density Si-based anodes. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2026, 14, 17831-45.
204. Borodin, O.; Ren, X.; Vatamanu, J.; Von Wald Cresce, A.; Knap, J.; Xu, K. Modeling insight into battery electrolyte electrochemical stability and interfacial structure. Acc. Chem. Res. 2017, 50, 2886-94.
205. Li, L.; Fang, C.; Wei, W.; et al. Nano-ordered structure regulation in delithiated Si anode triggered by homogeneous and stable Li-ion diffusion at the interface. Nano. Energy. 2020, 72, 104651.
206. Tao, H.; Lian, C.; Liu, H. Multiscale modeling of electrolytes in porous electrode: from equilibrium structure to non-equilibrium transport. Green. Energy. Environ. 2020, 5, 303-21.
207. Burt, R.; Birkett, G.; Zhao, X. S. A review of molecular modelling of electric double layer capacitors. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 6519.
208. Funari, R.; Matsumoto, A.; De Bruyn, J. R.; Shen, A. Q. Rheology of the electric double layer in electrolyte solutions. Anal. Chem. 2020, 92, 8244-53.
209. Kang, J.; Lee, I.; Yu, G.; et al. Dual-ionic weakly solvating electrolyte design enables efficient fast-cycling of high-voltage anion shuttle batteries. Adv. Sci. 2025, 12, e05982.
210. Chang, C.; Yao, Y.; Li, R.; et al. Stable lithium metal batteries enabled by localized high-concentration electrolytes with sevoflurane as a diluent. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2022, 10, 9001-9.
211. Efaw, C. M.; Wu, Q.; Gao, N.; et al. Localized high-concentration electrolytes get more localized through micelle-like structures. Nat. Mater. 2023, 22, 1531-9.
212. Swamy, T.; Chiang, Y. Electrochemical charge transfer reaction kinetics at the silicon-liquid electrolyte interface. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015, 162, A7129-34.
213. Chen, X.; Wang, B.; Ye, Y.; Liang, J.; Kong, J. Design of electrodes and electrolytes for silicon-based anode lithium-ion batteries. Energy. Environ. Mater. 2024, 8, e12838.
214. Xu, X.; Liu, Y.; Hwang, J. Y.; et al. Role of Li-ion depletion on electrode surface: underlying mechanism for electrodeposition behavior of lithium metal anode. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2020, 10, 2002390.
215. Lee, Y.; Lin, C.; Pai, K.; Chen, C. Control strategy and verification of reducing battery polarization characteristics to improve unmanned aerial vehicles endurance. J. Power. Sources. 2024, 591, 233787.
216. An, S. J.; Li, J.; Daniel, C.; Mohanty, D.; Nagpure, S.; Wood, D. L. The state of understanding of the lithium-ion-battery graphite solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and its relationship to formation cycling. Carbon 2016, 105, 52-76.
217. Yoon, T.; Chapman, N.; Seo, D. M.; Lucht, B. L. Lithium salt effects on silicon electrode performance and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) structure, role of solution structure on SEI formation. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2017, 164, A2082-8.
218. Cao, Z.; Zheng, X.; Zhou, M.; et al. Electrolyte solvation engineering toward high-rate and low-temperature silicon-based batteries. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2022, 7, 3581-92.
219. Dong, S.; Shi, L.; Geng, S.; et al. Breaking solvation dominance effect enabled by ion-dipole interaction toward long-spanlife silicon oxide anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Nano. Micro. Lett. 2024, 17, 95.
220. Chen, C.; Zhou, T.; Danilov, D. L.; et al. Impact of dual-layer solid-electrolyte interphase inhomogeneities on early-stage defect formation in Si electrodes. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 3283.
221. An, J.; Kim, Y.; Woo, H. K.; Choi, Y.; Oh, S. J.; Lee, J. Electrolyte solvents as architects: how solvents guide the spontaneous formation of 3D porous nanostructures in alloy- and conversion-type battery anodes. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2024, 70, 103478.
222. Liu, G.; Xia, M.; Gao, J.; et al. Dual-salt localized high-concentration electrolyte for long cycle life silicon-based lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2023, 15, 3586-98.
223. Luo, W.; Chen, X.; Xia, Y.; et al. Surface and interface engineering of silicon-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2017, 7, 1701083.
224. Chan, C. K.; Ruffo, R.; Hong, S. S.; Cui, Y. Surface chemistry and morphology of the solid electrolyte interphase on silicon nanowire lithium-ion battery anodes. J. Power. Sources. 2009, 189, 1132-40.
225. Saverina, E. A.; Sivasankaran, V.; Kapaev, R. R.; et al. An environment-friendly approach to produce nanostructured germanium anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Green. Chem. 2020, 22, 359-67.
226. Chen, Z.; Cao, Y.; Qian, J.; Ai, X.; Yang, H. Antimony-coated SiC nanoparticles as stable and high-capacity anode materials for Li-ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2010, 114, 15196-201.
227. Zhu, G.; Luo, D.; Chen, X.; Yang, J.; Zhang, H. Emerging multiscale porous anodes toward fast charging lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Nano. 2023, 17, 20850-74.
228. Yang, Z.; Chen, T.; Chen, D.; et al. A Ge/carbon atomic-scale hybrid anode material: a micro-nano gradient porous structure with high cycling stability. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 12539-46.
229. Cho, Y.; Park, H.; Lee, J.; et al. Organogel electrolyte for high-loading silicon batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2016, 4, 8005-9.
230. Kotobuki, M.; Okada, N.; Kanamura, K. Design of a micro-pattern structure for a three dimensionally macroporous Sn-Ni alloy anode with high areal capacity. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 6144.
231. Nelson, D. L.; Sandoval, S. E.; Pyo, J.; et al. Fracture dynamics in silicon anode solid-state batteries. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2024, 9, 6085-95.
232. He, S.; Huang, S.; Liu, X.; et al. Interfacial self-healing polymer electrolytes for long-cycle silicon anodes in high-performance solid-state lithium batteries. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2024, 665, 299-312.
233. Balaish, M.; Kim, K. J.; Chu, H.; et al. Emerging processing guidelines for solid electrolytes in the era of oxide-based solid-state batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2025, 54, 8925-9007.
234. Tao, J.; Han, J.; Wu, Y.; et al. Unraveling the performance decay of micro-sized silicon anodes in sulfide-based solid-state batteries. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2024, 64, 103082.
235. Stewart, D. M.; Pearse, A. J.; Kim, N. S.; et al. Tin oxynitride anodes by atomic layer deposition for solid-state batteries. Chem. Mater. 2018, 30, 2526-34.
236. Gu, L.; Han, J.; Chen, M.; et al. Enabling robust structural and interfacial stability of micron-Si anode toward high-performance liquid and solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2022, 52, 547-61.
237. Hong, S. B.; Jang, Y. R.; Kim, H.; et al. Wet-processable binder in composite cathode for high energy density all-solid-state lithium batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2024, 14, 2400802.
238. Mao, C.; Dong, J.; Li, J.; et al. Toward practical all-solid-state batteries: current status of functional binders. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2500079.
239. Wang, Z.; Shen, X.; Chen, S.; et al. Large-scale fabrication of stable silicon anode in air for sulfide solid state batteries via ionic-electronic dual conductive binder. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2405025.
240. Na, I.; Kim, H.; Kunze, S.; et al. Monolithic 100% silicon wafer anode for all-solid-state batteries achieving high areal capacity at room temperature. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2023, 8, 1936-43.
