REFERENCES
1. Mariyappan, S.; Desai, P.; Morcrette, M.; Tarascon, J. From lab to market with sustainable sodium-ion batteries. Nat. Sustain. 2025, 9, 360-71.
2. Yang, P.; Wu, Z.; Wang, S.; et al. Synergetic coupling of redox-active sites on organic electrode material for robust and high-performance sodium-ion storage. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202311460.
3. Chen, Q.; Wen, Q.; Li, C.; et al. High-compaction spherical carbon with tunable rich pore structures for efficient sodium storage. Adv. Mater. 2025, 38, e15495.
4. Li, Y.; Vasileiadis, A.; Zhou, Q.; et al. Origin of fast charging in hard carbon anodes. Nat. Energy. 2024, 9, 134-42.
5. Chen, M.; Xiao, P.; Yang, K.; et al. Sn anodes protected by intermetallic FeSn2 layers for long-lifespan sodium-ion batteries with high initial coulombic efficiency of 93.8 %. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202219177.
6. Chen, Z.; Li, Y.; Wang, L.; et al. Durable alloy anode for Na-ion batteries with high volumetric energy density. Nat. Energy. 2026, 11, 449-59.
7. Li, Y.; Fan, X.; Wang, L.; et al. In situ-formed C-N anchors embedded into Sn-based negative electrodes for long-life Na-ion batteries. Nat. Commun. 2026, 17, 2476.
8. Li, M.; Li, C.; Lu, G.; et al. Manipulation of the anode interphase by multicomponent composite sodium for fast-charging and low-temperature sodium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2422892.
9. Peng, Y. H.; Wang, Y. Y.; Wang, Z. Y.; Shao, G. S.; Hou, B. H. Decoupling dual regulatory roles and mechanisms of bismuth in low-carbon-content Sn anode for fast and stable sodium storage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 36, e13942.
10. Li, D.; Zhu, Y. J.; Cheng, L.; et al. A MXene modulator enabled high-loading iodine composite cathode for stable and high-energy-density Zn-I2 battery. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2024, 15, 2404426.
11. Fan, Q.; Chen, M.; Yang, Y.; et al. Unveiling the multifunctional potential of MXenes in rechargeable batteries beyond electrode active materials. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2505584.
12. Rostami, S.; Park, Y. H.; Yun, I.; et al. Polymer-ligand functionalized MXene and hollow silica composite anode for improved sodium-ion batteries. Commun. Mater. 2026, 7, 89.
13. Zhong, Y.; Liang, W.; Lv, T.; et al. Facile One-step modification of biomass hard carbon: tailoring hierarchical microstructures for high-energy-density sodium-ion battery anode materials. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e75776.
14. Guo, J.; Ma, G.; Liu, G.; Dai, C.; Lin, Z. Ti2CTx MXene cathode host for enhanced zinc-bromine battery performance. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2024, 14, 2304516.
15. Zhang, P.; Wang, X.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Burgeoning silicon/MXene nanocomposites for lithium ion batteries: a review. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2402307.
16. Xia, J.; Lv, M.; Zhang, S.; Xing, Y.; Zhou, G. Rational design of two-dimensional MXene-based materials for lithium-sulfur batteries. Mater. Sci. Eng. R. Rep. 2025, 164, 100985.
17. Lv, M.; Xia, J.; Zhang, S.; Wang, T.; Zhou, G.; Xing, Y. Multifunctional roles of MXenes in flexible lithium-sulfur batteries: mechanistic insights, computational perspectives, and future standards. EnergyChem 2026, 8, 100190.
18. Naguib, M.; Kurtoglu, M.; Presser, V.; et al. Two-dimensional nanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti3AlC2. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 4248-53.
19. Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Ni, K.; et al. Fullerene intercalation of MXene toward super-long-cycle sodium ion storage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2400185.
20. Wu, Z.; Jiang, L.; Wang, S.; et al. Electrode design and interface engineering of MXenes promote energy storage applications. Commun. Mater. 2026, 7, 147.
21. Ali, H.; Al-Farraj, E. S.; Abu-Dief, A. M.; et al. Intercalation and delamination in MXene: unlocking structural evolution and functional applications. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2026, 557, 217716.
22. Zong, J.; Liang, Y.; Liu, F.; et al. Effect of combination model of MoTe2 and MXene layers on sodium ion storage. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2503252.
23. Sai Bhargava Reddy, M.; Zaid, M.; Das, S.; Sudhakaran, S.; Aich, S.; Pol, V. G. Hierarchical MXene-derived NTP/C nanohybrids for cryogenic sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e76436.
24. Li, Y.; Wang, L.; Sun, Z.; et al. Capacitance-enhanced battery: integrating high-density battery capacity with supercapacitive swiftness in an ultra-large MXene architecture. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, e08336.
25. Li, Y.; Yuan, Z.; Li, D.; et al. Multi-interface combination of bimetallic selenide and V4C3Tx MXene for high-rate and ultrastable sodium storage devices. ACS. Nano. 2024, 18, 4733-45.
26. Kang, F.; Yan, L.; Cao, Y.; et al. Poly(p-benzoquinono)diimidazole-linked covalent organic framework as an efficient anode endues sodium-ion batteries with high performance and wide temperature adaptability. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 26069-78.
27. Shen, Z.; Bo, Z.; Shi, R.; et al. Functional p-π conjugated organic layer empowers stable sodium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2420573.
28. Moussaei, M.; Babazadeh-Mamaqani, M.; Roghani-Mamaqani, H.; Haddadi-Asl, V.; Riazi, H. Polymer grafting on MXene as a versatile nanoplatform: Synthesis and applications. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2025, 544, 216989.
29. Zhang, T.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, L.; et al. High energy density Li-ion capacitor assembled with all graphene-based electrodes. Carbon 2015, 92, 106-18.
30. Li, Z.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, F.; et al. Moss-like two-dimensional MBene-Ni/Co bimetallic metal-organic framework composite as efficient cathode for alkaline zinc batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2025, 633, 236437.
31. Li, C.; Tang, Y.; Wang, X.; Cheng, Y.; Wang, M. S. Sodiophilic hosts with pseudocapacitive kinetics for robust anode-free sodium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2026, 65, e9106635.
32. Stuart, B. H. Organic molecules. In: Infrared spectroscopy: fundamentals and applications. Wiley; 2005. pp. 71-93.
33. Titantah, J. T.; Lamoen, D. First-principles characterization of amorphous carbon nitride systems: structural and electronic properties. Phys. Status. Solidi. 2006, 203, 3191-7.
34. Ashiq, A.; Walpita, J.; Vithanage, M. Functionalizing non-smectic clay via methoxy-modification for enhanced removal and recovery of oxytetracycline from aqueous media. Chemosphere 2021, 276, 130079.
35. Pazdera, J.; Issayeva, D.; Titus, J.; Gläser, R.; Deutschmann, O.; Jentys, A. Impact of the local environment of amines on the activity for CO2 hydrogenation over bifunctional basic - metallic catalysts. ChemCatChem 2022, 14, e202200620.
36. Beshkov, G.; Dimitrov, D.; Georgiev, S.; et al. XPS spectra of thin CNx films prepared by chemical vapor deposition. Diamond. Relat. Mater. 1999, 8, 591-4.
37. Okpalugo, T.; Papakonstantinou, P.; Murphy, H.; Mclaughlin, J.; Brown, N. High resolution XPS characterization of chemical functionalised MWCNTs and SWCNTs. Carbon 2005, 43, 153-61.
38. Ma, Y.; Liu, K.; Wang, K.; et al. Overcoming redox barriers in black phosphorus negative electrodes through lattice P-N engineering for fast-charging Li-ion batteries. Nat. Commun. 2026, 17, 5479.
39. Lee, M.; Park, J. H.; Park, Y. J.; et al. Borate-like terminations strengthen Mxene-silicon coupling for ultrafast and durable lithium storage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e75140.






