REFERENCES

1. Hu, S.; Pillai, A. S.; Liang, G.; et al. Li-rich layered oxides and their practical challenges: recent progress and perspectives. Electrochem. Energy. Rev. 2019, 2, 277-311.

2. Xiong, F.; Tan, S.; Yao, X.; An, Q.; Mai, L. Crystal defect modulation in cathode materials for non-lithium ion batteries: progress and challenges. Mater. Today. 2021, 45, 169-90.

3. Su, M.; Song, Y.; Xu, Q.; et al. Garnet conductor network with Zr doping to implement surface bifunctional modification for Ni-rich cathodes. J. Energy. Storage. 2024, 95, 112585.

4. Li, C.; Zhang, X.; Zhu, Y.; et al. Modulating the lithiophilicity at electrode/electrolyte interface for high-energy Li-metal batteries. Energy. Mater. 2022, 1, 100017.

5. He, Z.; Huang, Y.; Liu, H.; et al. Anode materials for fast charging sodium-ion batteries. Nano. Energy. 2024, 129, 109996.

6. Usiskin, R.; Lu, Y.; Popovic, J.; et al. Fundamentals, status and promise of sodium-based batteries. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2021, 6, 1020-35.

7. Tan, S.; Wen, Y.; Li, J.; et al. Fast-charging capabilities of hard carbon anodes in sodium-ion batteries: mechanisms, strategies, and prospects. Carbon. Neutraliz. 2025, 4, e70071.

8. Li, M.; Lu, J. Ferric sauce for potassium-ion battery. Nat. Sustain. 2021, 5, 183-4.

9. Dhir, S.; Wheeler, S.; Capone, I.; Pasta, M. Outlook on K-ion batteries. Chem 2020, 6, 2442-60.

10. Niu, J.; Zhang, Z.; Aurbach, D. Alloy anode materials for rechargeable Mg ion batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2020, 10, 2000697.

11. Zhang, Z.; Cui, Z.; Qiao, L.; et al. Novel design concepts of efficient Mg-ion electrolytes toward high-performance magnesium-selenium and magnesium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2017, 7, 1602055.

12. Ming, J.; Guo, J.; Xia, C.; Wang, W.; Alshareef, H. N. Zinc-ion batteries: materials, mechanisms, and applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. R. Rep. 2019, 135, 58-84.

13. Jin, X.; Song, L.; Dai, C.; et al. A self-healing zinc ion battery under -20 °C. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2022, 44, 517-26.

14. Zhou, S.; Meng, X.; Chen, Y.; et al. Zinc-ion anchor induced highly reversible Zn anodes for high performance Zn-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202403050.

15. Zhou, Y.; Wei, X.; Li, Y.; et al. Zincophilic vertically aligned hydrogel electrolyte with enhanced ion transport and dendrite suppression for stable zinc-ion batteries. Carbon. Neutraliz. 2026, 5, e70116.

16. Zhang, E.; Cao, W.; Wang, B.; et al. A novel aluminum dual-ion battery. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2018, 11, 91-9.

17. Li, C.; Hou, C.; Chen, L.; Kaskel, S.; Xu, Q. Rechargeable Al-ion batteries. EnergyChem 2021, 3, 100049.

18. Nimkar, A.; Chae, M. S.; Wee, S.; et al. What about manganese? Toward rocking chair aqueous Mn-ion batteries. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2022, 7, 4161-7.

19. Yang, Q.; Qu, X.; Cui, H.; et al. Rechargeable aqueous Mn-metal battery enabled by inorganic-organic interfaces. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202206471.

20. Zheng, H.; Cheng, L.; Lu, W.; et al. An Mn²⁺ cross-linked gel electrolyte enables reversible quasi-solid-state manganese metal batteries. Nano. Lett. 2025, 25, 7716-24.

21. Wang, M.; Meng, Y.; Xu, Y.; et al. Aqueous all-manganese batteries. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2023, 16, 5284-93.

22. He, X.; Li, Z.; Tang, R.; et al. Rechargeable and highly stable Mn metal batteries based on organic electrolyte. Chem. Commun. 2023, 59, 1337-40.

23. Yang, M.; Chen, R.; Shen, Y.; Zhao, X.; Shen, X. A high-energy aqueous manganese-metal hydride hybrid battery. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2001106.

24. Shen, D.; Zheng, X.; Luo, R.; et al. A rechargeable, non-aqueous manganese metal battery enabled by electrolyte regulation. Joule 2024, 8, 780-98.

25. Fan, W.; Liu, F.; Liu, Y.; et al. A high voltage aqueous zinc–manganese battery using a hybrid alkaline-mild electrolyte. Chem. Commun. 2020, 56, 2039-42.

26. Luo, H.; Guo, H.; Li, X.; et al. Aqueous manganese-ion batteries: the past, present, and future. Matter 2025, 8, 102379.

27. Hou, Z.; Lu, W.; Zheng, H.; et al. An Mn-enriched interfacial layer for reversible aqueous Mn metal batteries. Nano. Lett. 2024, 24, 14034-41.

28. Zhang, J.; Chen, F.; Yu, J.; et al. Asymmetric Mn²⁺ cluster electrolyte for high-performance Mn-metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 36, e15536.

29. Jing, P.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, Y.; et al. Deciphering Mn²⁺ solvation and interfacial chemistry for rechargeable nonaqueous Mn-metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202515941.

30. Liu, R.; Yu, L.; He, X.; et al. Constructing heterointerface of Bi/Bi₂S₃ with built-in electric field realizes superior sodium-ion storage capability. eScience 2023, 3, 100138.

31. Zhang, J.; Lu, X.; Li, M.; Sun, Z. Application of porous bismuth-based materials in sodium ion batteries. Chem. Commun. 2025, 61, 13616-31.

32. Huang, J.; Lin, X.; Tan, H.; Zhang, B. Bismuth microparticles as advanced anodes for potassium-ion battery. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2018, 8, 1703496.

33. Chen, H.; Zhang, W.; Yi, S.; et al. Zinc iso-plating/stripping: toward a practical Zn powder anode with ultra-long life over 5600 h. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 3146-56.

34. Bi, J.; Li, J.; Zhou, Z.; et al. In situ formation of a Bi/Mg-based hybrid interphase for highly reversible magnesium metal anodes. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2502098.

35. Shen, D.; Zhao, G.; Jiang, T.; et al. A high-capacity manganese-metal battery with dual-storage mechanism. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202423921.

36. Yin, H.; Wu, H.; Yang, Y.; et al. Electrical double layer and in situ polymerization SEI enables high reversible zinc metal anode. Small 2024, 20, 2404367.