REFERENCES
1. Joshi, A.; Mishra, D. K.; Singh, R.; Zhang, J.; Ding, Y. A comprehensive review of solid-state batteries. Appl. Energy. 2025, 386, 125546.
2. Liu, J.; Chen, Y.; Zhou, Z.; et al. Multifunctional polar polymer boosting PEO electrolytes toward high room temperature ionic conductivity, high-voltage stability, and excellent elongation. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2025, 17, 7821-9.
3. Du, A.; Lu, H.; Liu, S.; et al. Breaking the trade-off between ionic conductivity and mechanical strength in solid polymer electrolytes for high-performance solid lithium batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2024, 14, 2400808.
4. Qiao, Q.; Li, Y.; Song, C.; et al. Recent advances and remaining challenges of solid-state electrolytes for lithium batteries. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2026, 156, 101559.
5. He, H.; Deng, N.; Wang, X.; et al. Design strategies, characterization mechanisms, and applications of MOFs in polymer composite electrolytes for solid-state lithium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2421670.
6. Jiang, Y.; Yan, X.; Ma, Z.; et al. Development of the PEO based solid polymer electrolytes for all-solid state lithium ion batteries. Polymers 2018, 10, 1237.
7. Tan, S.; Zeng, X.; Ma, Q.; Wu, X.; Guo, Y. Recent advancements in polymer-based composite electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. Electrochem. Energ. Rev. 2018, 1, 113-38.
8. Xu, Q.; Wang, Y.; Feng, X.; et al. Monoclinic Li2ZrO3 with cationic vacancy-based ion transport channels enhanced composite polymer electrolytes for high-rate solid-state lithium metal batteries. Nano. Energy. 2026, 147, 111571.
9. Polu, A. R.; Kim, K.; Kareem, A. A.; et al. Impact of tetracyanoethylene plasticizer on PEO based solid polymer electrolytes for improved ionic conductivity and solid-state lithium-ion battery performance. J. Power. Sources. 2025, 625, 235742.
10. Wang, Z.; Chen, J.; Fu, J.; Li, Z.; Guo, X. Polymer-based electrolytes for high-voltage solid-state lithium batteries. Energy. Mater. 2024, 4, 400050.
11. Fu, Y.; Gu, Z.; Gan, Q.; Mai, Y. A review on the ionic conductivity and mechanical properties of composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) for lithium batteries: insights from the perspective of polymer/filler composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. R. Rep. 2024, 160, 100815.
12. Liu, S.; Liu, W.; Ba, D.; et al. Filler-integrated composite polymer electrolyte for solid-state lithium batteries. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, e2110423.
13. Wen, W.; Zeng, Q.; Chen, P.; et al. Enhancing Li-ion conduction and mechanical properties via addition of fluorine-containing metal-organic frameworks in all-solid-state cross-linked hyperbranched polymer electrolytes. Nano. Res. 2022, 15, 8946-54.
14. Xiao, Z.; Long, T.; Song, L.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, C. Research progress of polymer-inorganic filler solid composite electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. Ionics 2022, 28, 15-26.
15. Ji, K.; Moon, H.; Kim, J.; Park, J. Role of functional nano-sized inorganic fillers in poly(ethylene) oxide-based polymer electrolytes. J. Power. Sources. 2003, 117, 124-30.
16. Ayalew, K. H.; Palaniyandy, N.; Mathe, M. K.; Msomi, P. F. Garnet-type LLZO electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries: Interfaces, conductivity, in-situ processing, and industrial prospects. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 524, 168098.
17. Wang, L.; Wu, J.; Bao, C.; You, Z.; Lu, Y.; Wen, Z. Interfacial engineering for high-performance garnet-based solid-state lithium batteries. SusMat 2024, 4, 72-105.
18. Wang, Y.; Chen, Z.; Jiang, K.; Shen, Z.; Passerini, S.; Chen, M. Accelerating the development of LLZO in solid-state batteries toward commercialization: a comprehensive review. Small 2024, 20, e2402035.
19. Chu, J.; Li, Z.; Wang, J.; Huang, G.; Zhang, X. Optimization strategies for key interfaces of LLZO-based solid-state lithium metal batteries. Mater. Chem. Front. 2024, 8, 2109-34.
20. Samson, A. J.; Hofstetter, K.; Bag, S.; Thangadurai, V. A bird’s-eye view of Li-stuffed garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 ceramic electrolytes for advanced all-solid-state Li batteries. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 2957-75.
21. Löwe, R.; Hanemann, T.; Zinkevich, T.; Hofmann, A. Structure-property relationship of polymerized ionic liquids for solid-state electrolyte membranes. Polymers 2021, 13, 792.
22. Counihan, M. J.; Lee, J.; Mirmira, P.; et al. Improved interfacial li-ion transport in composite polymer electrolytes via surface modification of LLZO. Energy. Mater. 2025, 5, 500032.
23. Seo, J.; Nasir, M.; Park, H. J. Lithium-ion conduction pathways in LLZO-PEO composite solid electrolytes. ACS. Appl. Energy. Mater. 2025, 8, 1518-25.
24. Go, W.; Doeff, M. M.; Tucker, M. C. Investigation of MgO additives on microstructure and properties of thin LLZO electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2025, 13, 8835-42.
25. Ye, R.; Ihrig, M.; Imanishi, N.; Finsterbusch, M.; Figgemeier, E. A review on Li+/H+ exchange in garnet solid electrolytes: from instability against humidity to sustainable processing in water. ChemSusChem 2021, 14, 4397-407.
26. Zhang, N.; Ren, G.; Li, L.; et al. Dynamical evolution of CO2 and H2O on garnet electrolyte elucidated by ambient pressure X-ray spectroscopies. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 2777.
27. Dubey, R.; Sastre, J.; Cancellieri, C.; et al. Building a better Li-garnet solid electrolyte/metallic li interface with antimony. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2021, 11, 2102086.
28. Liu, M.; Song, A.; Zhang, X.; et al. Interfacial lithium-ion transportation in solid-state batteries: challenges and prospects. Nano. Energy. 2025, 136, 110749.
29. Siniscalchi, M.; Gibson, J. S.; Tufnail, J.; et al. Removal and reoccurrence of LLZTO surface contaminants under glovebox conditions. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2024, 16, 27230-41.
30. Zhang, H.; Paggiaro, G.; Okur, F.; et al. On high-temperature thermal cleaning of Li7La3Zr2O12 solid-state electrolytes. ACS. Appl. Energy. Mater. 2023, 6, 6972-80.
31. Park, G.; Hwang, J.; Song, M.; Song, W.; Lee, K. J. Recent progress on solvent-free electrode fabrication for lithium-based batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 511, 161888.
32. Muhammad, T.; Zhao, D.; Guerreiro, A.; et al. Solid phase synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers for analytical and life science applications. TrAC. Trends. Anal. Chem. 2025, 184, 118134.
33. Li, J.; Luo, H.; Liu, K.; et al. Excellent stability of Ga-doped garnet electrolyte against Li metal anode via eliminating LiGaO2 precipitates for advanced all-solid-state batteries. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2023, 15, 7165-74.
34. Su, J.; Huang, X.; Song, Z.; et al. Overcoming the abnormal grain growth in Ga-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 to enhance the electrochemical stability against Li metal. Ceram. Int. 2019, 45, 14991-6.
35. Aguesse, F.; Manalastas, W.; Buannic, L.; et al. Investigating the dendritic growth during full cell cycling of garnet electrolyte in direct contact with Li metal. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2017, 9, 3808-16.
36. Yi, E.; Wang, W.; Kieffer, J.; Laine, R. M. Key parameters governing the densification of cubic-Li7La3Zr2O12 Li+ conductors. J. Power. Sources. 2017, 352, 156-64.
37. Afyon, S.; Krumeich, F.; Rupp, J. L. M. A shortcut to garnet-type fast Li-ion conductors for all-solid state batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2015, 3, 18636-48.
38. Yu, X.; Zhao, L.; Li, Y.; et al. Weakening ionic coordination for high ionic conductivity composite solid electrolytes. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2024, 9, 2109-15.
39. Huang, X.; Song, Z.; Xiu, T.; et al. Sintering, micro-structure and Li+ conductivity of Li7-xLa3Zr2-xNbxO12/MgO (x= 0.2-0.7) Li-garnet composite ceramics. Ceram. Int. 2019, 45, 56-63.
40. Huang, X.; Lu, Y.; Niu, Y.; et al. From protonation & Li-rich contamination to grain-boundary segregation: evaluations of solvent-free vs. wet routes on preparing Li7La3Zr2O12 solid electrolyte. J. Energy. Chem. 2022, 73, 223-39.
41. Yao, K. P. C.; Kwabi, D. G.; Quinlan, R. A.; et al. Thermal stability of Li2O2 and Li2O for Li-air batteries: in situ XRD and XPS studies. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2013, 160, A824-31.
42. Huo, H.; Chen, Y.; Zhao, N.; et al. In-situ formed Li2CO3-free garnet/Li interface by rapid acid treatment for dendrite-free solid-state batteries. Nano. Energy. 2019, 61, 119-25.
43. Zhang, H.; Okur, F.; Cancellieri, C.; et al. Bilayer dense-porous Li7La3Zr2O12 membranes for high-performance Li-garnet solid-state batteries. Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, e2205821.
44. Sun, C.; Wang, Z.; Yin, L.; et al. Fast lithium ion transport in solid polymer electrolytes from polysulfide-bridged copolymers. Nano. Energy. 2020, 75, 104976.





