REFERENCES

1. Lan, J.; Cao, Y.; Geng, C.; et al. Anion regulation for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, e2505527.

2. Zhou, Y.; Wang, P.; Wang, K.; et al. Developing high‐performance anode‐free lithium batteries: challenges, strategies, and opportunities. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2424022.

3. Huang, Z.; Lyu, H.; Greenburg, L. C.; Cui, Y.; Bao, Z. Stabilizing lithium-metal electrodes with polymer coatings. Nat. Energy. 2025, 10, 811-23.

4. Cui, H.; Song, Y.; Ren, D.; Wang, L.; He, X. Electrocapillary boosting electrode wetting for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Joule 2024, 8, 29-44.

5. Xu, Y.; Liu, X.; Wang, S.; et al. A mechanical strategy of surface anchoring to enhance the electrochemical performance of ZnO/NiCo2O4@nickel foam self-supporting anode for lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Compos. Hybrid. Mater. 2024, 7, 238.

6. Yang, C.; Singh, A.; Pu, X.; et al. Addressing the safety of next-generation batteries. Nature 2025, 645, 603-13.

7. Bae, J.; Choi, K.; Cheong, J. Y.; et al. Emerging surface engineering methods for lithium metal anodes: critical review beyond conventional SEI and surface coatings. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, e2501959.

8. Meng, Y. S. Introduction: beyond Li-ion battery chemistry. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 6327.

9. Ziegler, M. S.; Trancik, J. E. Re-examining rates of lithium-ion battery technology improvement and cost decline. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2021, 14, 1635-51.

10. Wu, F.; Maier, J.; Yu, Y. Guidelines and trends for next-generation rechargeable lithium and lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 1569-614.

11. Goodenough, J. B.; Park, K. S. The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 1167-76.

12. Manthiram, A. A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 1550.

13. Li, J.; Fleetwood, J.; Hawley, W. B.; Kays, W. From materials to cell: state-of-the-art and prospective technologies for lithium-ion battery electrode processing. Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 903-56.

14. Li, W.; Erickson, E. M.; Manthiram, A. High-nickel layered oxide cathodes for lithium-based automotive batteries. Nat. Energy. 2020, 5, 26-34.

15. Liu, T.; Yu, L.; Lu, J.; et al. Rational design of mechanically robust Ni-rich cathode materials via concentration gradient strategy. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 6024.

16. Lv, Y.; Huang, S.; Zhao, Y.; et al. A review of nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes: synthetic strategies, structural characteristics, failure mechanism, improvement approaches and prospects. Appl. Energy. 2022, 305, 117849.

17. Eshetu, G. G.; Zhang, H.; Judez, X.; et al. Production of high-energy Li-ion batteries comprising silicon-containing anodes and insertion-type cathodes. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 5459.

18. Ikonen, T.; Kalidas, N.; Lahtinen, K.; et al. Conjugation with carbon nanotubes improves the performance of mesoporous silicon as Li-ion battery anode. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 5589.

19. Efaw, C. M.; Wu, Q.; Gao, N.; et al. Localized high-concentration electrolytes get more localized through micelle-like structures. Nat. Mater. 2023, 22, 1531-9.

20. Ren, F.; Li, Z.; Chen, J.; Huguet, P.; Peng, Z.; Deabate, S. Solvent-diluent interaction-mediated solvation structure of localized high-concentration electrolytes. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2022, 14, 4211-9.

21. Aruchamy, K.; Ramasundaram, S.; Divya, S.; Chandran, M.; Yun, K.; Oh, T. H. Gel polymer electrolytes: advancing solid-state batteries for high-performance applications. Gels 2023, 9, 585-623.

22. Mendoza AE, Schmidt A, Zarbin AJG, Winnischofer H. Review of nanoscale approaches for tailoring electrode materials for advanced energy storage systems. ACS. Appl. Nano. Mater. 2024, 7, 23295-320.

23. Qiu, J.; Duan, Y.; Li, S.; et al. Insights into nano- and micro-structured scaffolds for advanced electrochemical energy storage. Nanomicro. Lett. 2024, 16, 130.

24. Sun, H. H.; Dolocan, A.; Weeks, J. A.; Heller, A.; Mullins, C. B. Stabilization of a highly Ni-rich layered oxide cathode through flower-petal grain arrays. ACS. Nano. 2020, 14, 17142-50.

25. Schomburg, F.; Heidrich, B.; Wennemar, S.; et al. Lithium-ion battery cell formation: status and future directions towards a knowledge-based process design. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 2686-733.

26. Albertus, P.; Anandan, V.; Ban, C.; et al. Challenges for and pathways toward Li-metal-based all-solid-state batteries. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2021, 6, 1399-404.

27. Frith, J. T.; Lacey, M. J.; Ulissi, U. A non-academic perspective on the future of lithium-based batteries. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 420.

28. Xiao, J.; Cao, X.; Gridley, B.; et al. From mining to manufacturing: scientific challenges and opportunities behind battery production. Chem. Rev. 2025, 125, 6397-431.

29. Zheng, F.; Li, C.; Li, Z.; et al. Advanced composite solid electrolytes for lithium batteries: filler dimensional design and ion path optimization. Small 2023, 19, e2206355.

30. Degen, F.; Winter, M.; Bendig, D.; Tübke, J. Energy consumption of current and future production of lithium-ion and post lithium-ion battery cells. Nat. Energy. 2023, 8, 1284-95.

31. Futscher, M. H.; Brinkman, L.; Müller, A.; Casella, J.; Aribia, A.; Romanyuk, Y. E. Monolithically-stacked thin-film solid-state batteries. Commun. Chem. 2023, 6, 110.

32. Zhang, L.; Al-mamun, M.; Wang, L.; et al. The typical structural evolution of silicon anode. Cell. Rep. Phys. Sci. 2022, 3, 100811.

33. Chen, Y.; Kang, Y.; Zhao, Y.; et al. A review of lithium-ion battery safety concerns: the issues, strategies, and testing standards. J. Energy. Chem. 2021, 59, 83-99.

34. Dave, A.; Mitchell, J.; Burke, S.; Lin, H.; Whitacre, J.; Viswanathan, V. Autonomous optimization of non-aqueous Li-ion battery electrolytes via robotic experimentation and machine learning coupling. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 5454.

35. MacLeod, B. P.; Parlane, F. G. L.; Rupnow, C. C.; et al. A self-driving laboratory advances the Pareto front for material properties. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 995.

36. Xiao, Y.; Wang, Y.; Bo, S.; Kim, J. C.; Miara, L. J.; Ceder, G. Understanding interface stability in solid-state batteries. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2019, 5, 105-26.

37. Zhang, Z.; Wang, X.; Li, X.; et al. Review on composite solid electrolytes for solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Mater. Today. Sustain. 2023, 21, 100316.

38. Lu, H.; Yang, C.; Wang, F.; et al. Interfacial high-concentration electrolyte for stable lithium metal anode: theory, design, and demonstration. Nano. Res. 2022, 16, 8321-8.

39. Grey, C. P.; Hall, D. S. Prospects for lithium-ion batteries and beyond-a 2030 vision. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 6279.

40. Rosolen, J. M.; Decker, F. Stress in carbon film electrodes during Li+ electrochemical intercalation. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2019, 143, 2417-21.

41. Liu, X.; Sun, L.; Zhai, F.; et al. Carbon dots induced supramolecular gel polymer electrolyte for high‐performance lithium metal batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2025, 15, 2405433.

42. Larcher, D.; Tarascon, J. M. Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage. Nat. Chem. 2015, 7, 19-29.

43. Cheng, X. B.; Liu, H.; Yuan, H.; et al. A perspective on sustainable energy materials for lithium batteries. SusMat 2021, 1, 38-50.

44. Xie, J.; Lu, Y. C. A retrospective on lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 2499.

45. Shi, P.; Li, T.; Zhang, R.; et al. Lithiophilic LiC6 layers on carbon hosts enabling stable Li metal anode in working batteries. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, e1807131.

46. Yan, K.; Lee, H. W.; Gao, T.; et al. Ultrathin two-dimensional atomic crystals as stable interfacial layer for improvement of lithium metal anode. Nano. Lett. 2014, 14, 6016-22.

47. Sanchez, A. J.; Dasgupta, N. P. Lithium metal anodes: advancing our mechanistic understanding of cycling phenomena in liquid and solid electrolytes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 4282-300.

48. Yang, S.; Cheng, Y.; Xiao, X.; Pang, H. Development and application of carbon fiber in batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 384, 123294.

49. Xu, S.; Van, Der. Watt. J.; Laudal, D.; Zhang, R.; Ahmed, R.; Hou, X. Coal-derived carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries: development, challenges, and prospects. J. Power. Sources. 2025, 628, 235858.

50. Wei, L.; Ji, D.; Zhao, F.; Tian, X.; Guo, Y.; Yan, J. A review of carbon nanofiber materials for dendrite-free lithium-metal anodes. Molecules. 2024, 29, 4096.

51. Chen, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Liang, Q. Carbon-coatings improve performance of Li-ion battery. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 1936.

52. Wu, Z.; Sun, K.; Wang, Z. A review of the application of carbon materials for lithium metal batteries. Batteries. 2022, 8, 246.

53. Wang, B.; Waterhouse, G. I.; Lu, S. Carbon dots: mysterious past, vibrant present, and expansive future. Trends. Chem. 2023, 5, 76-87.

54. Shaker, M.; Ng, S.; Sadeghi, Ghazvini. A. A.; et al. Carbon/graphene quantum dots as electrolyte additives for batteries and supercapacitors: a review. J. Energy. Storage. 2024, 85, 111040.

55. Cheng, R.; Xiang, Y.; Guo, R.; et al. Structure and interface modification of carbon dots for electrochemical energy application. Small 2021, 17, e2102091.

56. Song, T. B.; Huang, Z. H.; Niu, X. Q.; et al. Applications of carbon dots in next‐generation lithium-ion batteries. ChemNanoMat 2020, 6, 1421-36.

57. Wang, Z.; Che, H.; Lu, W.; et al. Application of inorganic quantum dots in advanced lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, e2301355.

58. Sead, F. F.; Makasana, J.; Saraswat, S. K.; et al. Electrochemical behavior of carbon quantum dots as electrolyte additives for enhanced battery and supercapacitor performance. Mater. Technol. 2025, 40, 2500524.

59. Lasia, A. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and its applications. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2014.

60. Peled, E. The electrochemical behavior of alkali and alkaline earth metals in nonaqueous battery systems-the solid electrolyte interphase model. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2019, 126, 2047-51.

61. Xu, K. Electrolytes and interphases in Li-ion batteries and beyond. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 11503-618.

62. Evans, J.; Vincent, C. A.; Bruce, P. G. Electrochemical measurement of transference numbers in polymer electrolytes. Polymer 1987, 28, 2324-8.

63. Choo, Y.; Halat, D. M.; Villaluenga, I.; Timachova, K.; Balsara, N. P. Diffusion and migration in polymer electrolytes. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2020, 103, 101220.

64. Kasemchainan, J.; Zekoll, S.; Spencer, Jolly. D.; et al. Critical stripping current leads to dendrite formation on plating in lithium anode solid electrolyte cells. Nat. Mater. 2019, 18, 1105-11.

65. Flatscher, F.; Philipp, M.; Ganschow, S.; Wilkening, H. M. R.; Rettenwander, D. The natural critical current density limit for Li7La3Zr2O12 garnets. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2020, 8, 15782-8.

66. Lombardo, T.; Walther, F.; Kern, C.; et al. ToF-SIMS in battery research: advantages, limitations, and best practices. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 2023, 41, 053207.

67. Mozhzhukhina, N.; Flores, E.; Lundström, R.; et al. Direct operando observation of double layer charging and early solid electrolyte interphase formation in Li-ion battery electrolytes. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2020, 11, 4119-23.

68. Baker, S. N.; Baker, G. A. Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 6726-44.

69. Lim, S. Y.; Shen, W.; Gao, Z. Carbon quantum dots and their applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 362-81.

70. Li, H.; Kang, Z.; Liu, Y.; Lee, S. Carbon nanodots: synthesis, properties and applications. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 24230.

71. Cui, L.; Ren, X.; Sun, M.; Liu, H.; Xia, L. Carbon dots: synthesis, properties and applications. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 3419.

72. Rocco, D.; Moldoveanu, V. G.; Feroci, M.; Bortolami, M.; Vetica, F. Electrochemical synthesis of carbon quantum dots. ChemElectroChem 2023, 10, e202201104.

73. Song, Y.; Zhu, S.; Zhang, S.; et al. Investigation from chemical structure to photoluminescent mechanism: a type of carbon dots from the pyrolysis of citric acid and an amine. J. Mater. Chem. C. 2015, 3, 5976-84.

74. Guo, H.; Lu, Y.; Lei, Z.; et al. Machine learning-guided realization of full-color high-quantum-yield carbon quantum dots. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 4843.

75. Li, L.; Li, Y.; Ye, Y.; et al. Kilogram-scale synthesis and functionalization of carbon dots for superior electrochemical potassium storage. ACS. Nano. 2021, 15, 6872-85.

76. Spotte-smith, E. W. C.; Petrocelli, T. B.; Patel, H. D.; Blau, S. M.; Persson, K. A. Elementary decomposition mechanisms of lithium hexafluorophosphate in battery electrolytes and interphases. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2022, 8, 347-55.

77. Yi, M.; Jing, M.; Yang, Y.; et al. Recent developments of carbon dots for advanced zinc‐based batteries: a review. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2400001.

78. Yang, S.; Ye, X.; Shen, N.; et al. Carbon dots enabling high-performances sodium-ion batteries. Chemistry 2025, 31, e202402794.

79. Li, L.; Jia, X.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Li4Ti5O12 quantum dot decorated carbon frameworks from carbon dots for fast lithium ion storage. Mater. Chem. Front. 2019, 3, 1761-7.

80. Ge, G.; Li, L.; Wang, D.; et al. Carbon dots: synthesis, properties and biomedical applications. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2021, 9, 6553-75.

81. Ullal, N.; Mehta, R.; Sunil, D. Separation and purification of fluorescent carbon dots - an unmet challenge. Analyst 2024, 149, 1680-700.

82. Alafeef, M.; Srivastava, I.; Aditya, T.; Pan, D. Carbon dots: from synthesis to unraveling the fluorescence mechanism. Small 2024, 20, e2303937.

83. Arora, G.; Sabran, N. S.; Ng, C. Y.; Low, F. W.; Jun, H. K. Applications of carbon quantum dots in electrochemical energy storage devices. Heliyon 2024, 10, e35543.

84. Cai, D.; Zhong, X.; Xu, L.; et al. Biomass-derived carbon dots: synthesis, modification and applications. Chem. Sci. 2025, 16, 4937-70.

85. Crista, D. M. A.; Esteves, da. Silva. J. C. G.; Pinto, da. Silva. L. Evaluation of different bottom-up routes for the fabrication of carbon dots. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1316.

86. Rigodanza, F.; Burian, M.; Arcudi, F.; Đorđević, L.; Amenitsch, H.; Prato, M. Snapshots into carbon dots formation through a combined spectroscopic approach. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 2640.

87. Tu, H.; Liu, H.; Xu, L.; et al. Carbon dots from alcohol molecules: principles and the reaction mechanism. Chem. Sci. 2023, 14, 12194-204.

88. Choi, Y.; Choi, Y.; Kwon, O. H.; Kim, B. S. Carbon dots: bottom-up syntheses, properties, and light-harvesting applications. Chem. Asian. J. 2018, 13, 586-98.

89. Miao, S.; Liang, K.; Zhu, J.; Yang, B.; Zhao, D.; Kong, B. Hetero-atom-doped carbon dots: doping strategies, properties and applications. Nano. Today. 2020, 33, 100879.

90. Xia, C.; Zhong, J.; Han, X.; et al. The formation mechanism of carbonized polymer dots: crosslinking-induced nucleation and carbonization. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202410519.

91. Li, Z.; Liu, F.; Chen, S.; et al. Single Li ion conducting solid-state polymer electrolytes based on carbon quantum dots for Li-metal batteries. Nano. Energy. 2021, 82, 105698.

92. El-azazy, M.; Osman, A. I.; Nasr, M.; et al. The interface of machine learning and carbon quantum dots: from coordinated innovative synthesis to practical application in water control and electrochemistry. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2024, 517, 215976.

93. Hatimuria, M.; Phukan, P.; Bag, S.; et al. Green carbon dots: applications in development of electrochemical sensors, assessment of toxicity as well as anticancer properties. Catalysts 2023, 13, 537.

94. Tang, Y.; Xu, Q.; Zhang, X.; Zhu, R.; Zhao, N.; Wang, J. Expediting carbon dots synthesis by the active adaptive method with machine learning and applications in dental diagnosis and treatment. Nano. Res. 2024, 17, 10109-18.

95. Senanayake, R. D.; Yao, X.; Froehlich, C. E.; et al. Machine learning-assisted carbon dot synthesis: prediction of emission color and wavelength. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2022, 62, 5918-28.

96. Burger, B.; Maffettone, P. M.; Gusev, V. V.; et al. A mobile robotic chemist. Nature 2020, 583, 237-41.

97. Szymanski, N. J.; Rendy, B.; Fei, Y.; et al. An autonomous laboratory for the accelerated synthesis of novel materials. Nature 2023, 624, 86-91.

98. Tom, G.; Schmid, S. P.; Baird, S. G.; et al. Self-driving laboratories for chemistry and materials science. Chem. Rev. 2024, 124, 9633-732.

99. Xu, Q.; Tang, Y.; Zhu, P.; et al. Machine learning guided microwave-assisted quantum dot synthesis and an indication of residual H2O2 in human teeth. Nanoscale 2022, 14, 13771-8.

100. Han, Y.; Tang, B.; Wang, L.; et al. Machine-learning-driven synthesis of carbon dots with enhanced quantum yields. ACS. Nano. 2020, 14, 14761-8.

101. Zhang, Y.; Yue, L.; Ding, H.; et al. Carbon dots promoting surface defect and interphase high anion concentration for sodium-ion battery carbon anodes. Nano. Energy. 2024, 127, 109696.

102. Dua, S.; Kumar, P.; Pani, B.; Kaur, A.; Khanna, M.; Bhatt, G. Stability of carbon quantum dots: a critical review. RSC. Adv. 2023, 13, 13845-61.

103. Tu, H.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, J.; et al. Revealing electrochemical process of functional carbon dots stabilized sodium metal anode: co-deposition and strengthened SEI films. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 35, 2413488.

104. Chabu, J. M.; Zeng, K.; Jin, G.; Zhang, M.; Li, Y.; Liu, Y. Simple approach for the preparation of nitrogen and sulfur codoped carbon dots/reduced graphene oxide as host for high-rate lithium sulfur batteries. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2019, 229, 226-31.

105. Chao, D.; Zhu, C.; Xia, X.; et al. Graphene quantum dots coated VO2 arrays for highly durable electrodes for Li and Na ion batteries. Nano. Lett. 2015, 15, 565-73.

106. Wang, J.; Zhang, X.; He, W.; Yue, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, C. Layered hybrid phase Li2NaV2(PO4)3/carbon dot nanocomposite cathodes for Li+/Na+ mixed-ion batteries. RSC. Adv. 2017, 7, 2658-66.

107. Kim, J.; Song, S.; Lee, C. S.; Lee, M.; Bae, J. Prominent enhancement of stability under high current density of LiFePO4-based multidimensional nanocarbon composite as cathode for lithium-ion batteries. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2023, 650, 1958-65.

108. Zhang, Q.; Sun, C.; Fan, L.; Zhang, N.; Sun, K. Iron fluoride vertical nanosheets array modified with graphene quantum dots as long-life cathode for lithium ion batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 371, 245-51.

109. Balogun, M. S.; Luo, Y.; Lyu, F.; et al. Carbon quantum dot surface-engineered VO2 interwoven nanowires: a flexible cathode material for lithium and sodium ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2016, 8, 9733-44.

110. Fu, L.; Liu, D.; Zuo, X.; Qiu, Y.; You, T.; Zhang, Y. The key role of N/S codoped carbon dots in efficient capture and conversion of lithium polysulfides. Small 2025, 21, e2406714.

111. Xu, J.; Zhou, P.; Yuan, L.; Liu, X.; Ma, J.; Zhang, C. Dual lignin valorization enabled by carbon quantum dots and lithium-sulfur cathode. Ind. Crops. Prod. 2021, 170, 113801.

112. Yang, Y.; Zhu, J.; Wang, P.; et al. NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) derived flower-like fine TiO2 nanoparticles implanted in N-doped porous carbon as an anode with high activity and long cycle life for lithium-ion batteries. Acta. Phys. Chim. Sin. 2021, 38, 2106002.

113. Lijuan, K.; Yongqiang, Y.; Ruiyi, L.; Zaijun, L. Phenylalanine-functionalized graphene quantum dot-silicon nanoparticle composite as an anode material for lithium ion batteries with largely enhanced electrochemical performance. Electrochim. Acta. 2016, 198, 144-55.

114. Nan, H.; Zhang, Y.; Wei, H.; et al. Low-cost and environmentally friendly synthesis of an Al3+ and Mn4+ co-doped Li4Ti5O12 composite with carbon quantum dots as an anode for lithium-ion batteries. RSC. Adv. 2019, 9, 22101-5.

115. Sun, X.; Gao, X.; Li, Z.; et al. Nanowires framework supported porous lotus-carbon anode boosts lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. Small. Methods. 2024, 8, e2300746.

116. Kim, K. H.; Ahn, H. J. Surface functional group‐tailored B and N co‐doped carbon quantum dot anode for lithium‐ion batteries. Intl. J. Energy. Res. 2022, 46, 8367-75.

117. Khan, F.; Oh, M.; Kim, J. H. N-functionalized graphene quantum dots: charge transporting layer for high-rate and durable Li4Ti5O12-based Li-ion battery. Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 369, 1024-33.

118. Xiang, Y.; Xu, L.; Yang, L.; et al. Natural stibnite for lithium-/sodium-ion batteries: carbon dots evoked high initial coulombic efficiency. Nanomicro. Lett. 2022, 14, 136.

119. Kim, J.; Jang, W.; Kim, J. H.; Yang, C. Synthesis of graphene quantum dots-coated hierarchical CuO microspheres composite for use as binder-free anode for lithium-ion batteries. Compos. Part. B. Eng. 2021, 222, 109083.

120. Lee, H. R.; Kim, Y. S.; Lee, S. Y.; Son, U. H.; Lee, S.; Joh, H. Bifunctional effects of nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots on CoS2/mesoporous carbon composites for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2024, 664, 160228.

121. Gottam, R.; Zhang, X.; Chen, J.; Xue, X.; Zhang, Y. Sulfur‐implanted carbon dots‐embedded graphene as ultrastable anode for Li‐ion batteries. Energy. Technol. 2021, 9, 2000899.

122. Wang, A.; Hong, W.; Li, L.; et al. Hierarchical bismuth composite for fast lithium storage: carbon dots tuned interfacial interaction. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2022, 44, 145-55.

123. Kong, L.; Zhou, X.; Fan, S.; Li, Z.; Gu, Z. Study on the synthesis and electrochemical performance of histidine-functionalized graphene quantum dots@silicon composite anode material. Acta. Chim. Sin. 2016, 74, 620.

124. Du, Q.; Wu, Q.; Wang, H.; et al. Carbon dot-modified silicon nanoparticles for lithium-ion batteries. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 2021, 28, 1603-10.

125. Hwang, S. W. SiOx/C composite anode for lithium-ion battery with improved performance using graphene quantum dots and carbon nanoparticles. Molecules 2024, 29, 2578.

126. Feng, G.; Shi, Y.; Jia, H.; et al. Progressive and instantaneous nature of lithium nucleation discovered by dynamic and operando imaging. Sci. Adv. 2023, 9, eadg6813.

127. Shen, H.; Song, C.; Wang, F.; Li, G.; Li, Y. Lithiated graphdiyne quantum dots for stable lithium metal anodes. CCS. Chem. 2024, 6, 1300-11.

128. Cheng, X. B.; Zhang, R.; Zhao, C. Z.; Zhang, Q. Toward safe lithium metal anode in rechargeable batteries: a review. Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 10403-73.

129. Wang, A.; Kadam, S.; Li, H.; Shi, S.; Qi, Y. Review on modeling of the anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) for lithium-ion batteries. NPJ. Comput. Mater. 2018, 4, 15.

130. Zhu, Y.; Ge, M.; Ma, F.; Wang, Q.; Huang, P.; Lai, C. Multifunctional electrolyte additives for better metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 34, 2301964.

131. Wang, G.; Xiong, X.; Xie, D.; et al. Suppressing dendrite growth by a functional electrolyte additive for robust Li metal anodes. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2019, 23, 701-6.

132. Hong, D.; Choi, Y.; Ryu, J.; et al. Homogeneous Li deposition through the control of carbon dot-assisted Li-dendrite morphology for high-performance Li-metal batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2019, 7, 20325-34.

133. Li, S.; Luo, Z.; Tu, H.; et al. N,S-codoped carbon dots as deposition regulating electrolyte additive for stable lithium metal anode. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2021, 42, 679-86.

134. Wang, W. C.; Song, Y. H.; Yang, G. D.; et al. Carbonized polymer dots with controllable N, O functional groups as electrolyte additives to achieve stable Li metal batteries. Small 2023, 19, e2206597.

135. Kushima, A.; So, K. P.; Su, C.; et al. Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy observation of lithium metal growth and dissolution: root growth, dead lithium and lithium flotsams. Nano. Energy. 2017, 32, 271-9.

136. Kar, D. K.; V, P.; Si, S.; Panigrahi, H.; Mishra, S. Carbon dots and their polymeric nanocomposites: insight into their synthesis, photoluminescence mechanisms, and recent trends in sensing applications. ACS. Omega. 2024, 9, 11050-80.

137. Qian, Y.; Liang, Y.; Zhang, W.; Xi, B.; Lin, N. Thermal polymerization of ion-modified carbon dots into multi-functional LiF-carbon interface for stabilizing SiO anode. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2023, 63, 102996.

138. Wang, Z.; Liang, S.; Kang, Y.; et al. Manipulating interfacial polymerization for polymeric nanofilms of composite separation membranes. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2021, 122, 101450.

139. Najafloo, M.; Naji, L. Sustainable self-healing gel polymer electrolyte based on water-in-deep eutectic solvent for flexible supercapacitors. ACS. Appl. Polym. Mater. 2024, 6, 11706-21.

140. Gannoun, R.; Durán-olivencia, F.; Pérez, A.; Valverde, J. Titania coatings: a mechanical shield for cohesive granular media at high temperatures. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 450, 138123.

141. Liu, H.; Xu, L.; Zhu, F.; et al. Unveiling the effect law of carbon dots with polyfunctional groups on interface structure and ion migration in polymer electrolytes for solid lithium battery. Nano. Energy. 2024, 126, 109623.

142. Huang, Z. H.; Wei, J. S.; Song, T. B.; Ni, J. W.; Wang, F.; Xiong, H. M. Carbon dots crosslinked gel polymer electrolytes for dendrite‐free and long‐cycle lithium metal batteries. SmartMat 2022, 3, 323-36.

143. Xu, L.; Li, S.; Tu, H.; et al. Molecular engineering of highly fluorinated carbon dots: tailoring Li+ dynamics and interfacial fluorination for stable solid lithium batteries. ACS. Nano. 2023, 17, 22082-94.

144. Zhang, Z.; Li, Y.; Xu, R.; et al. Capturing the swelling of solid-electrolyte interphase in lithium metal batteries. Science 2022, 375, 66-70.

145. Liu, H.; Zhu, F.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Synergistic regulation of multi-interface chemistry by functional carbon dots for high-performance composite solid electrolytes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202505230.

146. Shadike, Z.; Lee, H.; Borodin, O.; et al. Identification of LiH and nanocrystalline LiF in the solid-electrolyte interphase of lithium metal anodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2021, 16, 549-54.

147. Zhu, F.; Xu, L.; Hu, X.; et al. Trace fluorinated carbon dots driven Li-garnet solid-state batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202410016.

148. Zhu, F.; Liu, H.; Zhang, B.; et al. Tailoring electron-blocking and ionic-transport interface via functional carbon dots for durable garnet-based solid-state batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2507998.

149. Lee, J.; Cho, S.; Kim, S. H.; et al. Modulating Na-ion solvation in carbonate-based electrolytes by nitrogen-doped carbon dots enables superior Na metal batteries. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2025, 75, 104023.

Energy Materials
ISSN 2770-5900 (Online)
Follow Us

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/