fig4

Figure 4. PTMs are the drivers of mitochondrial dynamics balance.
The steering wheel comprising PTMs - including ubiquitination, SUMO, acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, GlcNAc, palmitoylation, succinylation, lactylation, and S-nitrosylation -coordinates mitochondrial dynamics. PTMs occurring on dynamics-related proteins jointly regulate fission, fusion, transport, and mitophagy, maintaining homeostasis. Disruption of this PTM balance shifts mitochondrial morphology toward excessive fission or fusion, culminating in mitochondrial dysfunction and disease. Graphic reference:⊥: Competitive modification; →: Progressive modification; ←→: Collaborative modification; →+→: Induced modification. The data source for Figure 4 is generated based on references^{[142,146,148,154-156]}. The figure was redrawn and designed by the authors based on existing reference images. DRP1: Dynamin-related protein 1; MFN1: mitofusins; Ub: ubiquitination.