fig6
Figure 6. Piezoelectric ceramic membranes: (A) BTO piezoelectric ceramic membrane Reprinted with permission from Ref.[73], Copyright 2025, Elsevier; (B) ZrO2/Al2O3 piezoelectric ultrafiltration membrane; Reprinted with permission from Ref.[74], Copyright 2026, Elsevier; (C) MnO/BTO ceramic membrane with antifouling behavior induced by the positive piezoelectric effect. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[75], Copyright 2022, Springer Nature. BTO: Barium titanate.
