fig1

Figure 1. (A) Schematic diagram of the reaction process; (B) HAADF-STEM images of SnO₂ (upper) and IL-SnO₂ (bottom); (C) The calculated density of water on IL-SnO₂ with different lengths of the alkyl chain; (D) The BET adsorption and desorption curves of C₃H₈ on IL-SnO₂; (E) Schematic diagram of the flow reactor; (F) The production rate and selectivity of C₃H₆ at different temperatures in the flow reactor; (G) Stability test of IL-SnO₂ under the constant current density of 800 mA·cm^-2. (B-D) and (F and G) are reproduced with permission from Ref.^[10], © 2026 The American Association for the Advancement of Science. HAADF-STEM: High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy; IL: ionic liquid; BET: Brunauer–Emmett–Teller; ORR: oxygen reduction reaction; AEM: anion exchange membrane; SHE: standard hydrogen electrode.