fig1

Figure 1. (A) The levelized cost of urea by various electrosynthesis methods; (B) Correlation of urea cost on urea partial current density at 50% urea FE; (C) Reaction pathway of CO₂R, HER and C-N coupling; (D) Chord diagram describing the selectivity of typical transition metals towards CO₂R and NO₃R; Partial current densities of (E) H₂ and (F) urea on Fe-based catalyst; (G) Stability test of urea electrosynthesis on Cd-Fe₂O₃; (H) Summary of the reported urea electrosynthesis performance. (A-H) Adapted with permission from Ref.^[10]. Copyright 2026 Spring Nature. FE: Faradaic efficiency; CO₂R: CO₂ electrocatalytic reduction; HER: hydrogen evolution reaction; RHE: reversible hydrogen electrode.