fig1

Figure 1. Overview of MOFs-based SACs/DACs for efficient CO₂RR: design and characterization of active sites and mechanism analysis. MOF: Metal-organic framework; SACs: single-atom catalysts; DACs: dual-atom catalysts; CO₂RR: CO₂ reduction reaction; HAADF-STEM: high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron; EDS: energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; XANES: X-ray absorption near-edge structure; EXAFS: extended XAFS; DFT: density functional theory; DRIFT: diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform ; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; EPR: electron paramagnetic resonance.