REFERENCES

1. Agnew, D. C. A global timekeeping problem postponed by global warming. Nature 2024, 628, 333-6.

2. Johnson, E. J.; Sugerman, E. R.; Morwitz, V. G.; Johar, G. V.; Morris, M. W. Widespread misestimates of greenhouse gas emissions suggest low carbon competence. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2024, 14, 707-14.

3. Ma, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Xie, G.; et al. Isolated Cu sites in CdS hollow nanocubes with doping-location-dependent performance for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. ACS. Catal. 2024, 14, 1468-79.

4. Albero, J.; Peng, Y.; García, H. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction to C2+ products. ACS. Catal. 2020, 10, 5734-49.

5. Ouyang, H.; Peng, M.; Song, K.; Wang, S.; Gao, H.; Tan, B. Synthesis of metal-phenanthroline-modified hypercrosslinked polymer for enhanced CO2 capture and conversion via chemical and photocatalytic methods under ambient conditions. Chem. Synth. 2024, 4, 50.

6. Liu, W. R.; Yu, S.; Liu, Z.; et al. Hierarchical hollow TiO2@Bi2WO6 with light-driven excited Bi(3-x)+ sites for efficient photothermal catalytic CO2 reduction. Inorg. Chem. 2024, 63, 6714-22.

7. Yin, Y.; Kang, X.; Han, B. Two-dimensional materials: synthesis and applications in the electro-reduction of carbon dioxide. Chem. Synth. 2022, 2, 19.

8. He, Y.; Lei, Q.; Li, C.; Han, Y.; Shi, Z.; Feng, S. Defect engineering of photocatalysts for solar-driven conversion of CO2 into valuable fuels. Materials. Today. 2021, 50, 358-84.

9. Guo, Q.; Zhou, C.; Ma, Z.; Yang, X. Fundamentals of TiO2 photocatalysis: concepts, mechanisms, and challenges. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, e1901997.

10. Xu, Q.; Xia, Z.; Zhang, J.; et al. Recent advances in solar-driven CO2 reduction over g-C3N4 -based photocatalysts. Carbon. Energy. 2023, 5, e205.

11. Kshirsagar, S. D.; Shelake, S. P.; Biswas, B.; et al. Emerging ZnO semiconductors for photocatalytic CO2 reduction to methanol. Small 2024, 20, e2407318.

12. Meng, A.; Zhang, L.; Cheng, B.; Yu, J. Dual cocatalysts in TiO2 photocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, e1807660.

13. Fu, J.; Yu, J.; Jiang, C.; Cheng, B. g-C3N4-based heterostructured photocatalysts. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2018, 8, 1701503.

14. Pawar, A. U.; Pal, U.; Zheng, J. Y.; Kim, C. W.; Kang, Y. S. Thermodynamically controlled photo-electrochemical CO2 reduction at Cu/rGO/PVP/Nafion multi-layered dark cathode for selective production of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 2022, 303, 120921.

15. Zhang, T.; Huang, Z.; Xie, G.; et al. A non-equivalent Ni doped La-MOF for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction through oxygen vacancy regulation and electronic structure optimization. Inorg. Chem. Front. 2024, 11, 8890-901.

16. Miao, R.; Bao, Y.; Yang, G.; et al. Lowering schottky barrier in MoC-based cocatalyst via heteroatoms tunning for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 497, 154909.

17. Wu, W.; Xu, L.; Lu, Q.; et al. Addressing the carbonate issue: electrocatalysts for acidic CO2 reduction reaction. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, e2312894.

18. You, S.; Xiao, J.; Liang, S.; et al. Doping engineering of Cu-based catalysts for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to multi-carbon products. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 5795-818.

19. Chang, F.; Xiao, M.; Miao, R.; et al. Copper-based catalysts for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction to multicarbon products. Electrochem. Energy. Rev. 2022, 5, 139.

20. Lai, W.; Qiao, Y.; Zhang, J.; Lin, Z.; Huang, H. Design strategies for markedly enhancing energy efficiency in the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 3603-29.

21. Zhao, M.; Casiraghi, C.; Parvez, K. Electrochemical exfoliation of 2D materials beyond graphene. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2024, 53, 3036-64.

22. Yang, J.; Zeng, X.; Tebyetekerwa, M.; et al. Engineering 2D photocatalysts for solar hydrogen peroxide production. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2024, 14, 2400740.

23. Li, Q.; Wu, K.; Zhu, H.; Yang, Y.; He, S.; Lian, T. Charge transfer from Quantum-Confined 0D, 1D, and 2D nanocrystals. Chem. Rev. 2024, 124, 5695-763.

24. Zeng, W.; Ye, X.; Dong, Y.; et al. MXene for photocatalysis and photothermal conversion: synthesis, physicochemical properties, and applications. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2024, 508, 215753.

25. Yang, R.; Fan, Y.; Zhang, Y.; et al. 2D transition metal dichalcogenides for photocatalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 135, e202218016.

26. Cox, C. R.; Lee, J. Z.; Nocera, D. G.; Buonassisi, T. Ten-percent solar-to-fuel conversion with nonprecious materials. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2014, 111, 14057-61.

27. Ullah, N.; Xie, M.; Hussain, S.; et al. Simultaneous synthesis of bimetallic@3D graphene electrocatalyst for HER and OER. Front. Mater. Sci. 2021, 15, 305-15.

28. Pedersen, P. D.; Vegge, T.; Bligaard, T.; Hansen, H. A. Trends in CO2 reduction on transition metal dichalcogenide edges. ACS. Catal. 2023, 13, 2341-50.

29. He, M.; Tian, Z.; Lin, H.; Wang, G. Dual-atom P-Co-Dy charge-transfer bridge on black phosphorus for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Small 2024, 20, e2404162.

30. Niu, R.; Liu, Q.; Huang, B.; et al. Black phosphorus/Bi19Br3S27 van der Waals heterojunctions ensure the supply of activated hydrogen for effective CO2 photoreduction. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 2022, 317, 121727.

31. Li, X.; Huang, Z.; Shuck, C. E.; Liang, G.; Gogotsi, Y.; Zhi, C. MXene chemistry, electrochemistry and energy storage applications. Nat. Rev. Chem. 2022, 6, 389-404.

32. Yin, X.; Zheng, W.; Tang, H.; et al. Unraveling cation intercalation mechanism in MXene for enhanced supercapacitor performance. Researchsquare 2024. Available online: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-4161663/v1. (accessed 10 April 2025).

33. Zhang, P.; Wang, X.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Burgeoning Silicon/MXene nanocomposites for lithium ion batteries: a review. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2402307.

34. Han, M.; Maleski, K.; Shuck, C. E.; et al. Tailoring electronic and optical properties of MXenes through forming solid solutions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 19110-8.

35. Kim, H.; Wang, Z.; Alshareef, H. N. MXetronics: electronic and photonic applications of MXenes. Nano. Energy. 2019, 60, 179-97.

36. Xu, T.; Tan, S.; Li, S.; et al. Synergistic densification in hybrid organic-inorganic MXenes for optimized photothermal conversion. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2400424.

37. Xie, G.; Han, C.; Song, F.; et al. A study on the role of plasmonic Ti3C2Tx MXene in enhancing photoredox catalysis. Nanoscale 2022, 14, 18010-21.

38. Xie, G.; Liao, L.; Wang, J.; et al. Strong support effect induced by MXene for the synthesis of metal sulfides nanosheet arrays with sulfur vacancies towards selective CO2-to-CO photoreduction. Science. Bulletin. 2024, 69, 3247-59.

39. Guo, J.; Ma, G.; Liu, G.; Dai, C.; Lin, Z. Ti2CTx MXene cathode host for enhanced zinc‐bromine battery performance. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2024, 14, 2304516.

40. Zhao, Q.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, M.; et al. Edge-enriched Mo2TiC2Tx/MoS2 heterostructure with coupling interface for selective NO2 monitoring. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2203528.

41. Raveendran, P.; Wallen, S. L. Cooperative C–H···O hydrogen bonding in CO2-Lewis base complexes:  implications for solvation in supercritical CO2. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 12590-9.

42. Murphy, L. J.; Robertson, K. N.; Kemp, R. A.; Tuononen, H. M.; Clyburne, J. A. C. Structurally simple complexes of CO2. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 3942-56.

43. Yu, H.; Wu, H.; Chow, Y. L.; Wang, J.; Zhang, J. Revolutionizing electrochemical CO2 reduction to deeply reduced products on non-Cu-based electrocatalysts. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 5336-64.

44. Yang, X.; Jiang, D.; Cheng, X.; et al. Adsorption properties of seaweed-based biochar with the greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) through density functional theory (DFT). Biomass. Bioenergy. 2022, 163, 106519.

45. Jia, G.; Zhang, Y.; Yu, J. C.; Guo, Z. Asymmetric atomic dual-sites for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, e2403153.

46. Kumaravel, V.; Mathew, S.; Bartlett, J.; Pillai, S. C. Photocatalytic hydrogen production using metal doped TiO2: a review of recent advances. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 2019, 244, 1021-64.

47. Starukh, H.; Praus, P. Doping of graphitic carbon nitride with non-metal elements and its applications in photocatalysis. Catalysts 2020, 10, 1119.

48. Liao, L.; Xie, G.; Yu, C.; et al. Active site-exposed Bi2WO6@BiOCl heterostructures for photocatalytic hydrogenation of nitroaromatic compounds. Nanoscale 2024, 16, 19704-14.

49. Sun, P.; Xing, Z.; Li, Z.; Zhou, W. Recent advances in quantum dots photocatalysts. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 458, 141399.

50. Li, S.; Miao, P.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Recent advances in plasmonic nanostructures for enhanced photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, e2000086.

51. Zhu, Y.; Xie, G.; Li, G.; et al. Facial synthesis of two-dimensional In2S3/Ti3C2Tx heterostructures with boosted photoactivity for the hydrogenation of nitroaromatic compounds. Mater. Chem. Front. 2021, 5, 6883-90.

52. Xu, C.; Ravi, A. P.; Aymonier, C.; Luque, R.; Marre, S. Nanostructured materials for photocatalysis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019, 48, 3868-902.

53. Wang, Z.; Lin, Z.; Shen, S.; Zhong, W.; Cao, S. Advances in designing heterojunction photocatalytic materials. Chin. J. Catal. 2021, 42, 710-30.

54. Li, X.; Yu, J.; Wageh, S.; Al-Ghamdi, A. A.; Xie, J. Graphene in photocatalysis: a review. Small 2016, 12, 6640-96.

55. Chen, H.; Liang, X.; Liu, Y.; Ai, X.; Asefa, T.; Zou, X. Active site engineering in porous electrocatalysts. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, e2002435.

56. Wang, N.; Cheng, L.; Liao, Y.; Xiang, Q. Effect of functional group modifications on the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4. Small 2023, 19, e2300109.

57. Bai, S.; Zhang, N.; Gao, C.; Xiong, Y. Defect engineering in photocatalytic materials. Nano. Energy. 2018, 53, 296-336.

58. Khan, I.; Khan, S.; Wu, S. Y.; et al. Synergistic functionality of dopants and defects in Co-phthalocyanine/B-CN Z-scheme photocatalysts for promoting photocatalytic CO2 reduction reactions. Small 2023, 19, e2208179.

59. Wang, J.; Xie, G.; Yu, C.; et al. Stabilizing Ti3C2Tx in a water medium under multiple environmental conditions by scavenging oxidative free radicals. Chem. Mater. 2022, 34, 9517-26.

60. Murali, G.; Reddy, M. J. K.; Park, Y. H.; et al. A review on MXene synthesis, stability, and photocatalytic applications. ACS. Nano. 2022, 16, 13370-429.

61. Ali, S.; Iqbal, R.; Wahid, F.; et al. Cobalt coordinated two-dimensional covalent organic framework a sustainable and robust electrocatalyst for selective CO2 electrochemical conversion to formic acid. Fuel. Process. Technol. 2022, 237, 107451.

62. Wang, J.; Li, G.; Xie, G.; et al. Solvation structure design for stabilizing MXene in transition metal ion solutions. SusMat 2024, 4, e202.

63. Liu, X.; Chen, T.; Xue, Y.; et al. Nanoarchitectonics of MXene/semiconductor heterojunctions toward artificial photosynthesis via photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2022, 459, 214440.

64. Li, D.; Yang, K.; Lian, J.; Yan, J.; Liu, S. Powering the world with solar fuels from photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction: basic principles and recent advances. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2022, 12, 2201070.

65. Zhang, C.; Lin, Z.; Jiao, L.; Jiang, H. L. Metal-organic frameworks for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction: from catalytic site design to microenvironment modulation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2024, 63, e202414506.

66. Wang, Y.; Liu, J.; Zheng, G. Designing copper-based catalysts for efficient carbon dioxide electroreduction. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, e2005798.

67. Deng, S.; Wang, R.; Feng, X.; et al. Dual lewis acid-base sites regulate silver-copper bimetallic oxide nanowires for highly selective photoreduction of carbon dioxide to methane. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 135, e202309625.

68. Li, X.; Sun, Y.; Xu, J.; et al. Selective visible-light-driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CH4 mediated by atomically thin CuIn5S8 layers. Nat. Energy. 2019, 4, 690-9.

69. Li, J.; Huang, H.; Xue, W.; et al. Self-adaptive dual-metal-site pairs in metal-organic frameworks for selective CO2 photoreduction to CH4. Nat. Catal. 2021, 4, 719-29.

70. Huang, H.; Song, H.; Kou, J.; Lu, C.; Ye, J. Atomic-level insights into surface engineering of semiconductors for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. J. Energy. Chem. 2022, 67, 309-41.

71. Liao, L.; Xie, G.; Xie, X.; Zhang, N. Advances in modulating the activity and selectivity of photocatalytic CO2 reduction to multicarbon products. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2023, 127, 2766-81.

72. Naguib, M.; Kurtoglu, M.; Presser, V.; et al. Two-dimensional nanocrystals: two-dimensional nanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti3AlC2 (Adv. Mater. 37/2011). Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 4207-4207.

73. Seidi, F.; Arabi, S. A.; Dadashi, F. M.; et al. MXenes antibacterial properties and applications: a review and perspective. Small 2023, 19, e2206716.

74. Gogotsi, Y.; Anasori, B. The rise of MXenes. ACS. Nano. 2019, 13, 8491-4.

75. Anasori, B.; Lukatskaya, M. R.; Gogotsi, Y. 2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2017, 2, BFnatrevmats201698.

76. VahidMohammadi, A.; Rosen, J.; Gogotsi, Y. The world of two-dimensional carbides and nitrides (MXenes). Science 2021, 372, eabf1581.

77. Liao, C.; Zhou, H.; Zhang, S.; Wang, F.; Liu, Y.; Guo, L. Copper vacancy and LSPR-activated mxene synergistically enabling selective photoreduction CO2 to acetate. ChemSusChem 2024, 17, e202301927.

78. Qu, J.; Yang, T.; Zhang, P.; et al. Artificial photosynthesis platform of 2D/2D MXene/crystalline covalent organic frameworks heterostructure for efficient photoenzymatic CO2 reduction. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. Energy. 2024, 348, 123827.

79. Yang, F.; Zhang, P.; Qu, J.; et al. Highly efficient photoenzymatic CO2 reduction dominated by 2D/2D MXene/C3N5 heterostructured artificial photosynthesis platform. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2025, 678, 1121-31.

80. Wei, P.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, J.; et al. Engineering MXene-based photocatalyst for efficient NADH regeneration and photoenzymatic CO2 reduction without electron mediator. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. Energy. 2024, 357, 124257.

81. Tahir, M.; Tahir, B. 2D/2D/2D O-C3N4/Bt/Ti3C2Tx heterojunction with novel MXene/clay multi-electron mediator for stimulating photo-induced CO2 reforming to CO and CH4. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 400, 125868.

82. Chen, W.; Han, B.; Xie, Y.; Liang, S.; Deng, H.; Lin, Z. Ultrathin Co-Co LDHs nanosheets assembled vertically on MXene: 3D nanoarrays for boosted visible-light-driven CO2 reduction. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 391, 123519.

83. Tahir, M.; Tahir, B. In-situ growth of TiO2 imbedded Ti3C2TA nanosheets to construct PCN/Ti3C2TA MXenes 2D/3D heterojunction for efficient solar driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction towards CO and CH4 production. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2021, 591, 20-37.

84. Chen, Y.; Qi, M.; Li, Y.; et al. Activating two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx-MXene with single-atom cobalt for efficient CO2 photoreduction. Cell. Rep. Phys. Sci. 2021, 2, 100371.

85. Wu, Y.; Xu, W.; Tang, W.; et al. In-situ annealed “M-scheme” MXene-based photocatalyst for enhanced photoelectric performance and highly selective CO2 photoreduction. Nano. Energy. 2021, 90, 106532.

86. Zhang, Z.; Wang, B.; Zhao, H.; et al. Self-assembled lead-free double perovskite-MXene heterostructure with efficient charge separation for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 2022, 312, 121358.

87. Syuy, A. V.; Shtarev, D. S.; Kozlova, E. A.; et al. Photocatalytic activity of TiNbC-modified TiO2 during hydrogen evolution and CO2 reduction. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 9410.

88. Liu, Y.; Tan, G.; Feng, S.; et al. Localized surface plasmon resonance effect of V4C3-MXene for enhancing photothermal reduction of CO2 in full solar spectrum. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2023, 326, 124726.

89. Tahir, M. Vanadium carbide (V2CTx) MXene-supported exfoliated g-C3N4 with the role of hole scavenger as a rapid electron transfer channel for enhancing photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO and CH4. Energy. Fuels. 2023, 37, 10615-30.

90. Zhang, S.; Wang, Y.; Mersal, G. A. M.; et al. Enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction via MXene synergism: constructing an efficient heterojunction structure of g-C3N4/Nb2C/CsPbBr3. Adv. Compos. Hybrid. Mater. 2024, 7, 1026.

91. Tang, Q.; Xiong, P.; Wang, H.; Wu, Z. Boosted CO2 photoreduction performance on Ru-Ti3CN MXene-TiO2 photocatalyst synthesized by non-HF Lewis acidic etching method. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2022, 619, 179-87.

92. Vasileff, A.; Xu, C.; Jiao, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Qiao, S. Surface and interface engineering in copper-based bimetallic materials for selective CO2 electroreduction. Chem 2018, 4, 1809-31.

93. An, Y.; Tian, Y.; Shen, H.; Man, Q.; Xiong, S.; Feng, J. Two-dimensional MXenes for flexible energy storage devices. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2023, 16, 4191-250.

94. Cao, W.; Nie, J.; Cao, Y.; et al. A review of how to improve Ti3C2Tx MXene stability. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 496, 154097.

95. Patil, A. M.; Jadhav, A. A.; Chodankar, N. R.; et al. Recent progress of MXene synthesis, properties, microelectrode fabrication techniques for microsupercapacitors and microbatteries energy storage devices and integration: a comprehensive review. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2024, 517, 216020.

96. Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Jian, M.; Jiang, Q.; Li, X. MXene key composites: a new arena for gas sensors. Nanomicro. Lett. 2024, 16, 209.

97. Sherryna, A.; Tahir, M. Role of surface morphology and terminating groups in titanium carbide MXenes (Ti3C2Tx) cocatalysts with engineering aspects for modulating solar hydrogen production: a critical review. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 433, 134573.

98. Natu, V.; Barsoum, M. W. MXene surface terminations: a perspective. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2023, 127, 20197-206.

99. Song, W.; Chen, J.; Li, Z.; Fang, X. Self-powered MXene/GaN van der Waals heterojunction ultraviolet photodiodes with superhigh efficiency and stable current outputs. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, e2101059.

100. Zhang, D.; Shah, D.; Boltasseva, A.; Gogotsi, Y. MXenes for photonics. ACS. Photonics. 2022, 9, 1108-16.

101. Lioi, D. B.; Stevenson, P. R.; Seymour, B. T.; et al. Simultaneous ultrafast transmission and reflection of nanometer-thick Ti3C2Tx MXene films in the visible and near-infrared: implications for energy storage, electromagnetic shielding, and laser systems. ACS. Appl. Nano. Mater. 2020, 3, 9604-9.

102. Mauchamp, V.; Bugnet, M.; Bellido, E. P.; et al. Enhanced and tunable surface plasmons in two-dimensional Ti3C2 stacks: electronic structure versus boundary effects. Phys. Rev. B. 2014, 89, 235428.

103. El-Demellawi, J. K.; Lopatin, S.; Yin, J.; Mohammed, O. F.; Alshareef, H. N. Tunable multipolar surface plasmons in 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene flakes. ACS. Nano. 2018, 12, 8485-93.

104. Zhang, C.; Anasori, B.; Seral-ascaso, A.; et al. Transparent, flexible, and conductive 2D titanium carbide (MXene) films with high volumetric capacitance. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1702678.

105. Ying, G.; Kota, S.; Dillon, A. D.; Fafarman, A. T.; Barsoum, M. W. Conductive transparent V2CTx (MXene) films. FlatChem 2018, 8, 25-30.

106. Li, G.; Wyatt, B. C.; Song, F.; et al. 2D titanium carbide (MXene) based films: expanding the frontier of functional film materials. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2105043.

107. Xie, X.; Zhang, N. Positioning MXenes in the photocatalysis landscape: competitiveness, challenges, and future perspectives. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2002528.

108. Li, G.; Lian, S.; Wang, J.; Xie, G.; Zhang, N.; Xie, X. Surface chemistry engineering and the applications of MXenes. J. Materiomics. 2023, 9, 1160-84.

109. Wang, K.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, K.; Wang, G.; Wang, H. Selective solar-driven CO2 reduction mediated by 2D/2D Bi2O2SiO3/MXene nanosheets heterojunction. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2022, 124, 202-8.

110. Zeng, Z.; Yan, Y.; Chen, J.; Zan, P.; Tian, Q.; Chen, P. Boosting the photocatalytic ability of Cu2O nanowires for CO2 conversion by MXene quantum dots. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1806500.

111. He, F.; Zhu, B.; Cheng, B.; Yu, J.; Ho, W.; Macyk, W. 2D/2D/0D TiO2/C3N4/Ti3C2 MXene composite S-scheme photocatalyst with enhanced CO2 reduction activity. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 2020, 272, 119006.

112. Wang, Y.; Hu, X.; Song, H.; et al. Oxygen vacancies in actiniae-like Nb2O5/Nb2C MXene heterojunction boosting visible light photocatalytic NO removal. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 2021, 299, 120677.

113. Chen, Y.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; et al. S-scheme and schottky junction synchronous regulation boost hierarchical CdS@Nb2O5/Nb2C Tx (MXene) heterojunction for photocatalytic H2 production. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2023, 15, 20027-39.

114. Xu, W.; Li, X.; Peng, C.; et al. One-pot synthesis of Ru/Nb2O5@Nb2C ternary photocatalysts for water splitting by harnessing hydrothermal redox reactions. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 2022, 303, 120910.

115. Tang, C.; Zheng, X.; Chen, X.; Fu, Y.; Lü, Q. Defect-rich MoS2/CoS2 on Mo2TiC2Tx MXene as an efficient catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction in acidic media. FlatChem 2023, 42, 100581.

116. Fan, Y.; Hao, X.; Yi, N.; Jin, Z. Strong electronic coupling of Mo2TiC2 MXene/ZnCdS ohmic junction for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. Energy. 2024, 357, 124313.

117. Zhang, N.; Han, C.; Fu, X.; Xu, Y. Function-oriented engineering of metal-based nanohybrids for photoredox catalysis: exerting plasmonic effect and beyond. Chem 2018, 4, 1832-61.

118. Wu, X.; Wang, J.; Wang, Z.; et al. Boosting the electrocatalysis of MXenes by plasmon-induced thermalization and hot-electron injection. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2021, 60, 9416-20.

119. Gao, Y.; Wang, Y.; Sun, R.; Luo, Y.; Xin, L.; Wang, D. Interfacial hot electron injection in Cu2O/MXene-g-C3N4 p-n heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Colloids. Surf. A. Physicochem. Eng. Aspects. 2024, 684, 133236.

120. Liu, T.; Tan, G.; Feng, S.; et al. Dual localized surface plasmon resonance effect enhances Nb2AlC/Nb2C MXene thermally coupled photocatalytic reduction of CO2 hydrogenation activity. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2023, 652, 599-611.

121. Ullah, S.; Ullah, N.; Shah, S. S.; et al. Theoretical and experimental progress in photothermal catalysis for sustainable energy and environmental protection: key problems and strategies towards commercialization. Renew. Sustain. Energy. 2024, 201, 114615.

122. Chen, Y.; Lin, X.; Li, W.; et al. Harnessing photo-to-thermal conversion in sulfur-vulcanized mxene for high-efficiency solar-to-carbon-fuel synthesis. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2400121.

123. Meng, Y.; Yue, F.; Zhang, S.; et al. Zr-MOF/MXene composite for enhanced photothermal catalytic CO2 reduction in atmospheric and industrial flue gas streams. Carbon. Capture. Sci. Technol. 2024, 13, 100274.

124. Yue, F.; Meng, Y.; Zhang, S.; et al. Efficient solar-driven: photothermal catalytic reduction of atmospheric CO2 at the gas-solid interface by CuTCPP/MXene/TiO2. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2025, 677, 758-70.

125. Guo, C.; Jiang, E.; Chen, Q.; et al. Photo-to-thermal conversion harnessing low-energy photons renders efficient solar CO2 reduction. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2024, 16, 36247-54.

126. Wu, Z.; Li, C.; Li, Z.; et al. Niobium and titanium carbides (MXenes) as superior photothermal supports for CO2 photocatalysis. ACS. Nano. 2021, 15, 5696-705.

127. Handoko, A. D.; Chen, H.; Lum, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Anasori, B.; Seh, Z. W. Two-dimensional titanium and molybdenum carbide MXenes as electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. iScience 2020, 23, 101181.

128. Liu, A.; Liang, X.; Ren, X.; et al. Recent progress in MXene-based materials: potential high-performance electrocatalysts. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2003437.

129. Hao, Y.; Hu, F.; Zhu, S.; et al. MXene-regulated metal-oxide interfaces with modified intermediate configurations realizing nearly 100% CO2 electrocatalytic conversion. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 135, e202304179.

130. Cao, S.; Shen, B.; Tong, T.; Fu, J.; Yu, J. 2D/2D heterojunction of ultrathin MXene/Bi2WO6 nanosheets for improved photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1800136.

131. Yang, C.; Tan, Q.; Li, Q.; et al. 2D/2D Ti3C2 MXene/g-C3N4 nanosheets heterojunction for high efficient CO2 reduction photocatalyst: dual effects of urea. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 2020, 268, 118738.

132. Hu, J.; Ding, J.; Zhong, Q. Ultrathin 2D Ti3C2 MXene Co-catalyst anchored on porous g-C3N4 for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction under visible-light irradiation. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2021, 582, 647-57.

133. Tang, Q.; Sun, Z.; Deng, S.; Wang, H.; Wu, Z. Decorating g-C3N4 with alkalinized Ti3C2 MXene for promoted photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2020, 564, 406-17.

134. Feng, W.; Zhu, P.; Li, S.; et al. Engineering fast Ti electron channels to single-atom Fe for enhanced CO2 photoreduction. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2024, 12, 14437-45.

135. Li, H.; Song, Q.; Wan, S.; et al. Atomic interface engineering of single-atom Pt/TiO2-Ti3C2 for boosting photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Small 2023, 19, e2301711.

136. Cai, Y. S.; Chen, J. Q.; Su, P.; et al. Atomically precise metal nanoclusters combine with MXene towards solar CO2 conversion. Chem. Sci. 2024, 15, 13495-505.

137. Luo, Z.; Zhao, G.; Pan, H.; Sun, W. Strong metal-support interaction in heterogeneous catalysts. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2022, 12, 2201395.

138. Yin, P.; Yan, Q.; Liang, H. Strong metal-support interactions through sulfur-anchoring of metal catalysts on carbon supports. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2023, 135, e202302819.

139. Dong, J.; Fu, Q.; Jiang, Z.; Mei, B.; Bao, X. Carbide-supported au catalysts for water-gas shift reactions: a new territory for the strong metal-support interaction effect. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 13808-16.

140. Shi, L.; Ren, X.; Wang, Q.; et al. Stabilizing atomically dispersed catalytic sites on tellurium nanosheets with strong metal-support interaction boosts photocatalysis. Small 2020, 16, 2002356.

141. Sun, N.; Zhu, Y.; Li, M.; et al. Thermal coupled photocatalysis over Pt/g-C3N4 for selectively reducing CO2 to CH4 via cooperation of the electronic metal-support interaction effect and the oxidation state of Pt. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 2021, 298, 120565.

142. Zhang, Y.; Zhao, Q.; Danil, B.; Xiao, W.; Yang, X. Oxygen-vacancy-induced formation of Pt-based intermetallics on MXene with strong metal-support interactions for efficient oxygen reduction reaction. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, e2400198.

143. Qi, Y.; Zhang, B.; Zhang, G.; et al. Efficient overall water splitting of a suspended photocatalyst boosted by metal-support interaction. Joule 2024, 8, 193-203.

144. Li, N.; Chen, X.; Ong, W.; et al. Understanding of electrochemical mechanisms for CO2 capture and conversion into hydrocarbon fuels in transition-metal carbides (MXenes). ACS. Nano. 2017, 11, 10825-33.

145. Guo, Z.; Li, Y.; Sa, B.; et al. M2C-type MXenes: promising catalysts for CO2 capture and reduction. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2020, 521, 146436.

146. Li, Y.; Chen, Y.; Guo, Z.; et al. Breaking the linear scaling relations in MXene catalysts for efficient CO2 reduction. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 429, 132171.

147. Zhang, H.; Itoi, T.; Konishi, T.; Izumi, Y. Dual photocatalytic roles of light: charge separation at the band gap and heat via localized surface plasmon resonance to convert CO2 into CO over silver-zirconium oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 6292-301.

148. Chen, N.; Duan, Z.; Cai, W.; et al. Supercritical etching method for the large-scale manufacturing of MXenes. Nano. Energy. 2023, 107, 108147.

Chemical Synthesis
ISSN 2769-5247 (Online)

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/