REFERENCES
1. Feng J, Wu Q, Zhu D, Ma Y. Biotransformation enables innovations toward green synthesis of steroidal pharmaceuticals. ChemSusChem 2022;15:e202102399.
2. Choudhary M, Gupta S, Dhar MK, Kaul S. Endophytic fungi-mediated biocatalysis and biotransformations paving the way toward green chemistry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021;9:664705.
3. Salter R, Beshore DC, Colletti SL, et al. Microbial biotransformation - an important tool for the study of drug metabolism. Xenobiotica 2019;49:877-86.
4. Bianchini LF, Arruda MF, Vieira SR, et al. Microbial biotransformation to obtain new antifungals. Front Microbiol 2015;6:1433.
5. Birolli WG, Ferreira IM, Alvarenga N, et al. Biocatalysis and biotransformation in Brazil: an overview. Biotechnol Adv 2015;33:481-510.
6. Banerjee S, Singh S, Ur Rahman L. Biotransformation studies using hairy root cultures - a review. Biotechnol Adv 2012;30:461-8.
7. Gkantzou E, Chatzikonstantinou AV, Fotiadou R, et al. Trends in the development of innovative nanobiocatalysts and their application in biocatalytic transformations. Biotechnol Adv 2021;51:107738.
8. Pervaiz I, Ahmad S, Madni MA, Ahmad H, Khaliq FH. Microbial biotransformation: a tool for drug designing. Appl Biochem Microbiol 2013;49:437-50.
9. Borges WDS, Borges KB, Bonato PS, Said S, Pupo MT. Endophytic fungi: natural products, enzymes and biotransformation reactions. Curr Org Chem 2009;13:1137-1163.
10. Buttgereit F, Bijlsma JWJ, Strehl C. Will we ever have better glucocorticoids? Clin Immunol 2018;186:64-6.
11. Hegazy ME, Mohamed TA, ElShamy AI, et al. Microbial biotransformation as a tool for drug development based on natural products from mevalonic acid pathway: a review. J Adv Res 2015;6:17-33.
12. Basso A, Serban S. Industrial applications of immobilized enzymes-a review. Mol Catal 2019;479:110607.
14. Choi JM, Han SS, Kim HS. Industrial applications of enzyme biocatalysis: current status and future aspects. Biotechnol Adv 2015;33:1443-54.
15. Carvalho CC. Enzymatic and whole cell catalysis: finding new strategies for old processes. Biotechnol Adv 2011;29:75-83.
16. Otles S, Özyurt VH. Biotransformation in the production of secondary metabolites. Bioactive Natural Products. Elsevier; 2021. pp. 435-57.
17. Kebamo S, Tesema S, Geleta B. The role of biotransformation in drug discovery and development. J Drug Metab Toxicol 2015;6:1000196.
18. Liu JH, Yu BY. Biotransformation of bioactive natural products for pharmaceutical lead compounds. COC 2010;14:1400-06.
19. Pratush A, Ye X, Yang Q, et al. Biotransformation strategies for steroid estrogen and androgen pollution. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020;104:2385-409.
20. Parales RE, Bruce NC, Schmid A, Wackett LP. Biodegradation, biotransformation, and biocatalysis (b3). Appl Environ Microbiol 2002;68:4699-709.
21. Farooq A, Tahara S, Choudhary MI, et al. Biotransformation of (-)-a-pinene by botrytis cinerea. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci 2002;57:303-6.
22. Farooq A, Choudhary MI, Tahara S, et al. The microbial oxidation of (-)-beta-pinene by botrytis cinerea. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci 2002;57:686-90.
23. Farooq A, Choudhary MI, Atta-ur-Rahman, et al. Detoxification of terpinolene by plant pathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci 2002;57:863-6.
24. Atta-ur-Rahman Au, Yaqoob M, Farooq A, et al. Fungal transformation of (1R,2S,5R)-(-)-menthol by cephalosporiumaphidicola. J Nat Prod 1998;61:1340-2.
25. Musharraf SG, Ahmed MA, Ali RA, Choudhary MI. Hydroxylation of (+)-menthol by Macrophomina phaseolina. Biocatal Biotransfor 2011;29:77-82.
26. Mohammad MY, Shakya A, Al-Bakain R, Haroon MH, Choudhary MI. New monoterpenoid by biotransformation of thymoquinone using Aspergillus niger. Bioorg Chem 2018;80:212-5.
27. Choudhary M, Musharraf S, Khan M, et al. Microbial Transformation of Isolongifolen-4-one. HCA 2003;86:3450-60.
28. Choudhary MI, Musharraf SG, Nawaz SA, et al. Microbial transformation of (-)-isolongifolol and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of transformed products. Bioorg Med Chem 2005;13:1939-44.
29. Musharraf SG, Najeeb A, Khan S, et al. Microbial transformation of 5α-hydroxycaryophylla-4(12), 8(13)-diene with Macrophomina phaseolina. J Mol Catal B-Enzym 2010;66:156-60.
30. Choudhary MI, Siddiqui ZA, Khan S, et al. Biotransformation of (–)-caryophyllene oxide by cell suspension culture of catharanthus roseus. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 2006;61:197-200.
31. Choudhary MI, Siddiqui ZA, Nawaz SA, Atta-ur-Rahman. Microbial transformation and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of (-)-caryophyllene oxide and its derivatives. J Nat Prod 2006;69:1429-34.
32. Choudhary MI, Kausar W, Siddiqui ZA, Rahman A. Microbial Metabolism Of (+)-Cycloisolongifol-5β-Ol. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 2006;61:1035-8.
33. Choudhary MI, Musharraf SG, Sami A, Atta-ur-Rahman. Microbial transformation of sesquiterpenes, (-)-ambrox, and (+)-sclareolide. HCA 2004;87:2685-94.
34. Nasib A, Musharraf SG, Hussain S, et al. Biotransformation of (-)-ambrox by cell suspension cultures of Actinidia deliciosa. J Nat Prod 2006;69:957-9.
35. Musharraf SG, Naz S, Najeeb A, Khan S, Choudhary MI. Biotransformation of perfumery terpenoids, (-)-ambrox® by a fungal culture Macrophomina phaseolina and a plant cell suspension culture of Peganum harmala. Chem Cent J 2012;6:82.
36. Musharraf SG, Uddin J, Akhter M, et al. Biotransformation of an antimalarial drug, artemether by plant and fungal cell cultures. J Mol Catal B-Enzym 2012;82:80-5.
38. Choudhary MI, Batool I, Atif M, Hussain S, Atta-Ur-Rahman. Microbial transformation of (-)-guaiol and antibacterial activity of its transformed products. J Nat Prod 2007;70:849-52.
39. Choudhary MI, Siddiqui ZA, Hussain S. Atta-ur-Rahman. Structure elucidation and antibacterial activity of new fungal metabolites of sclareol. Chem Biodivers 2006;3:54-61.
40. Sultan S, Atif M, Ali SAS, et al. metabolism of an anti-HIV and anti-malarial natural product andrographolide. Available from: https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijpps/article/view/2799/9253 [Last accessed on 26 Apr 2023].
41. Choudhary MI, Atif M, Shah SAA, et al. Biotransformation of dehydroabietic acid with microbial cell cultures and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of resulting metabolites. Available from: https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijpps/article/view/2016 [Last accessed on 26 Apr 2023].
42. Choudhary MI, Ranjit R, Atta-Ur-Rahman, et al. Hydroxylation of the sesterterpene leucosceptrine by the fungus Rhizopus stolonifer. Phytochemistry 2006;67:439-43.
43. Choudhary MI, Batool I, Khan SN, et al. Microbial transformation of oleanolic acid by Fusarium lini and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of its transformed products. Nat Prod Res 2008;22:489-94.
44. Choudhary M, Ali Siddiqui Z, Ahmed Nawaz S. Microbial transformation of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid by Cunninghamella elegans and Fusarium lini, and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of transformed products. Nat Prod Res 2009;23:507-13.
45. Rahman AU, Choudhary MI, Asif F, Farooq A, Yaqoob M. Microbial transformations of testosterone. Nat Prod Lett 1998;12:255-61.
46. Al-Aboudi A, Mohammad MY, Musharraf SG, Choudhary MI, Atta-ur-Rahman. Microbial transformation of testosterone by Rhizopus stolonifer and Fusarium lini. Nat Prod Res 2008;22:1498-509.
47. Atif M, Shah SAA, Sultan S, Choudhary MI. Solid phase microbial fermentation of anabolic steroid, dihydrotestosterone with ascomycete fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015;7:104-107.
48. Choudhary MI, Asif F, Farooq A, Yaqoob M. Fungal transformations of steroids by cephalosporium aphidicola and trichothecium roseum. Nat Prod Lett 2000;14:217-24.
49. Atif M, Sultan S, Shah SAA, Choudhary MI. Solid phase microbial reactions of sex hormone, trans-androsterone with filamentous fungi. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015;7:385-8.
50. Choudhary MI, Shah SA, Musharraf SG, Shaheen F, Atta-Ur-Rahman. Microbial transformation of dehydroepiandrosterone. Nat Prod Res 2003;17:215-20.
51. Azizuddin, Khan S, Ali K, Choudhary MI. Biotransformation of dehydroepiandrosterone by cell suspension culture of codiaeum variegatum. Chem Nat Compd 2014;50:669-72.
52. Choudhary MI, Zafar S, Khan NT, et al. Biotransformation of dehydroepiandrosterone with macrophomina phaseolina and β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity of transformed products. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012;27:348-55.
53. Choudhary MI, Musharraf SG, Shaheen F, Atta-Ur-Rahman. Microbial transformation of (+)-androsta-1 ,4-diene-3,17-dione by cephalosporium aphidicola. Nat Prod Lett 2002;16:377-82.
54. Musharraf SG, Atta-Ur-Rahman, Choudhary MI, Sultan S. Microbial transformation of (+)-adrenosterone. Nat Prod Lett 2002;16:345-9.
55. Choudhary MI, Khan NT, Musharraf SG, Anjum S, Atta-Ur-Rahman. Biotransformation of adrenosterone by filamentous fungus, cunninghamella elegans. Steroids 2007;72:923-9.
56. Choudhary M, Adnan S, Shah A, Anjum S, Atta-Ur-Rahman. Microbial oxidation of anabolic steroids. Nat Prod Res 2008;22:1289-96.
57. Baydoun E, Karam M, Atia-tul-Wahab, et al. Microbial transformation of nandrolone with cunninghamella echinulata and cunninghamella blakesleeana and evaluation of leishmaniacidal activity of transformed products. Steroids 2014;88:95-100.
58. Choudhary MI, Mohammad MY, Musharraf SG, Parvez M, Al-Aboudi A, Atta-ur-Rahman. New oxandrolone derivatives by biotransformation using Rhizopus stolonifer. Steroids 2009;74:1040-4.
59. Smith C, Wahab AT, Khan MS, et al. Microbial transformation of oxandrolone with macrophomina phaseolina and cunninghamella blakesleeana. Steroids 2015;102:39-45.
60. Siddiqui M, Atia-tul-wahab, Naveed Shaikh N, Baydoun E, Atta-ur-rahman, Choudhary MI. Biocatalytic transformation of steroidal drugs oxandrolone and ganaxolone, and aromatase inhibitory activity of transformed products. Phytochem Lett 2021;44:137-41.
61. Choudhary MI, Sultan S, Jalil S, et al. Atta-ur-Rahman. Microbial transformation of mesterolone. Chem Biodivers 2005;2:392-400.
62. Ahmad MS, Zafar S, Bibi M, et al. Biotransformation of androgenic steroid mesterolone with cunninghamella blakesleeana and macrophomina phaseolina. Steroids 2014;82:53-9.
63. Ahmad MS, Farooq R, Hussain N, et al. Three new analogues of androgenic drug mesterolone through biotransformation with Cunninghamella blakseleeana. J Mol Catal B-Enzym 2016;133:S395-9.
64. Siddiqui M, Ahmad MS, Wahab AT, et al. Biotransformation of a potent anabolic steroid, mibolerone, with cunninghamella blakesleeana, C. echinulata, and Macrophomina phaseolina, and biological activity evaluation of its metabolites. PLoS One 2017;12:e0171476.
65. Siddiqui M, Atia-Tul-Wahab, Jabeen A, et al. Whole-cell fungal-mediated structural transformation of anabolic drug metenolone acetate into potent anti-inflammatory metabolites. J Adv Res 2020;24:69-78.
66. Hussain Z, Dastagir N, Hussain S, et al. Aspergillus niger-mediated biotransformation of methenolone enanthate, and immunomodulatory activity of its transformed products. Steroids 2016;112:68-73.
67. Baydoun E, Atia-tul-Wahab, Mehmood H, et al. Microbial transformation of danazol with Cunninghamella blakesleeana and anti-cancer activity of danazol and its transformed products. Steroids 2016;105:121-7.
68. Khan NT, Zafar S, Noreen S, et al. Biotransformation of dianabol with the filamentous fungi and β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity of resulting metabolites. Steroids 2014;85:65-72.
69. Ahmad MS, Yousuf S, Atia-Tul-Wahab, et al. Biotransformation of anabolic compound methasterone with Macrophomina phaseolina, Cunninghamella blakesleeana, and Fusarium lini, and TNF-α inhibitory effect of transformed products. Steroids 2017;128:75-84.
70. Aamer M, Siddiqui M, Jabeen A, et al. Structural transformation of methasterone with Cunninghamella blakesleeana and Macrophomina phaseolina. RSC Adv 2022;12:9494-500.
71. Atia-Tul-Wahab, Siddiqui M, Ibrahim I, et al. Cunninghamella blakesleeana-mediated biotransformation of a contraceptive drug, desogestrel, and anti-MDR-Staphylococcus aureus activity of its metabolites. Bioorg Chem 2018;77:152-8.
72. Choudhary MI, Sultan S, Khan MT, Rahman AU. Microbial transformation of 17alpha-ethynyl- and 17alpha-ethylsteroids, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of transformed products. Steroids 2005;70:798-802.
73. Aziz A, Bano S, Atia-Tul-Wahab, Choudhary MI. Microbial transformation of oral contraceptive ethisterone by aspergillus niger and cunninghamella blakesleeana. Steroids 2020;154:108467.
74. Choudhary MI, Musharraf SG, Siddiqui ZA, et al. Microbial transformation of mestranol by cunninghamella elegans. Chem Pharm Bull 2005;53:1011-3.
75. Zafar S, Bibi M, Yousuf S, Choudhary MI. New metabolites from fungal biotransformation of an oral contraceptive agent: methyloestrenolone. Steroids 2013;78:418-25.
76. Baydoun E, Atia-Tul-Wahab, Iqbal S, Smith C, Choudhary MI. Biotransformation of drospirenone, a contraceptive drug, with Cunninghamella elegans. Steroids 2017;126:30-4.
77. Baydoun E, Wahab AT, Shoaib N, et al. Microbial transformation of contraceptive drug etonogestrel into new metabolites with cunninghamella blakesleeana and cunninghamella echinulata. Steroids 2016;115:56-61.
78. Zafar S, Yousuf S, Kayani HA, et al. Biotransformation of oral contraceptive ethynodiol diacetate with microbial and plant cell cultures. Chem Cent J 2012;6:109.
79. Baydoun E, Bibi M, Iqbal MA, et al. Microbial transformation of anti-cancer steroid exemestane and cytotoxicity of its metabolites against cancer cell lines. Chem Cent J 2013;7:57.
80. Baydoun S, Atia-tul-Wahab, Bano S, Imad R, Choudhary MI. Microbial-catalysed derivatization of anti-cancer drug exemestane and cytotoxicity of resulting metabolites against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7)
81. Baydoun S, Wahab AT, Bano S, Imad R, Choudhary MI. Microbial-catalysed derivatization of anti-cancer drug exemestane and cytotoxicity of resulting metabolites against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) in vitro. Steroids 2016;115:67-74.
82. Hussain Z, Atia-Tul-Wahab, Hussain N, et al. Seven new metabolites of drostanolone heptanoate by using Beauveria bassiana, and Macrophomina phaseolina cell suspension cultures. RSC Adv 2019;10:451-60.
83. Javed S, Atia-Tul-Wahab, Jabeen A, et al. Fungal mediated biotransformation of melengestrol acetate, and T-cell proliferation inhibitory activity of biotransformed compounds. Bioorg Chem 2020;104:104313.
84. Bano S, Wahab AT, Yousuf S, et al. New anti-inflammatory metabolites by microbial transformation of medrysone. PLoS One 2016;11:e0153951.
85. Choudhary MI, Shaheen F, Ashraf M, Jahan S. Microbial transformations of hypolipemic E-guggulsterone. J Nat Prod 1998;61:428-31.
86. Choudhary MI, Shah SA, Sami A, Ajaz A, Shaheen F. Atta-ur-Rahman. Fungal metabolites of (E)-guggulsterone and their antibacterial and radical-scavenging activities. Chem Biodivers 2005;2:516-24.
87. Choudhary MI, Yousuf S, Samreen, et al. Biotransformation of physalin H and leishmanicidal activity of its transformed products. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2006;54:927-30.
88. Choudhary MI, Batool I, Shah SA, Nawaz SA, Atta-ur-Rahman. Microbial hydroxylation of pregnenolone derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull 2005;53:1455-9.
89. Ahmad MS, Zafar S, Yousuf S, et al. Biotransformation of 6-dehydroprogesterone with Aspergillus niger and Gibberella fujikuroi. Steroids 2016;112:62-7.
90. Choudhary MI, Erum S, Atif M, et al. Biotransformation of (20S)-20-hydroxymethylpregna-1,4-dien-3-one by four filamentous fungi. Steroids 2011;76:1288-96.
