REFERENCES
1. UN-Habitat. World Cities Report 2024: Cities and Climate Action. United Nations Human Settlements Programme; 2024. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4065171?v=pdf.
2. Yuan, Y.; Bai, Z.; Zhang, J.; Xu, C. Increasing urban ecological resilience based on ecological security pattern: a case study in a resource-based city. Ecol. Eng. 2022, 175, 106486.
3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Global Standard for Nature-Based Solutions. IUCN; 2020.
4. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions. 2nd ed. IUCN; 2026. https://iucn.org/resources/publication/iucn-global-standard-nature-based-solutions-second-edition.
5. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Statistical Communiqué of the People’s Republic of China on the 2024 National Economic and Social Development. Published February 28, 2025. https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202502/t20250228_1958817.html (in Chinese) (accessed 2026-11-9).
6. Kalnay, E.; Cai, M. Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate. Nature. 2003, 423, 528-31.
7. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015-2030. United Nations; 2015. https://www.undrr.org/publication/sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030 (accessed 2026-11-9).
8. United Nations General Assembly. Political declaration of the high-level meeting on the midterm review of the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015-2030. A/RES/77/289. United Nations; 2023. https://www.undrr.org/publication/political-declaration-high-level-meeting-midterm-review-sendai-framework-disaster-risk (accessed 2026-11-9).
9. Siehr, S. A.; Sun, M.; Aranda Nucamendi, J. L. Blue-green infrastructure for climate resilience and urban multifunctionality in Chinese cities. Wires. Energy. Environ. 2022, 11, e447.
10. Holling, C. S. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1973, 4, 1-23.
11. Klein, R. J. T.; Nicholls, R. J.; Thomalla, F. Resilience to natural hazards: how useful is this concept? Environ. Hazards. 2003, 5, 35-45.
12. Alberti, M.; Marzluff, J. M.; Shulenberger, E.; Bradley, G.; Ryan, C.; et al. Integrating humans into ecology: opportunities and challenges for studying urban ecosystems. BioScience 2003, 53, 1169-79.
13. Folke, C. Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global. Environ. Chang. 2006, 16, 253-67.
14. Liu, L. N.; Lei, Y. L. Research on the resilience change and its influencing factors of China’s provincial capital cities. Sci. Technol. Econ. 2022, 35, 1-5.(in Chinese).
15. Kabisch, N.; Frantzeskaki, N.; Pauleit, S.; et al. Nature-based solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban areas: perspectives on indicators, knowledge gaps, barriers, and opportunities for action. Ecol. Soc. 2016, 21, art39.
16. Mukherjee, M.; Takara, K. Urban green space as a countermeasure to increasing urban risk and the UGS-3CC resilience framework. Int. J. Disaster. Risk. Reduct. 2018, 28, 854-61.
17. Jiang, Y.; Sun, Y.; Liu, Y.; Li, X. Exploring the correlation between waterbodies, green space morphology, and carbon dioxide concentration distributions in an urban waterfront green space: a simulation study based on the carbon cycle. Sustain. City. Soc. 2023, 98, 104831.
18. Yang, L. Q.; Zhou, Y.; Luo, J. M.; Guo, S. Y. Study on spatial pattern of urban blue-green system and its synergistic relationship with urban development in Wuhan based on spatiotemporal evolution analysis. Gardens 2022, 39, 66-74.(in Chinese).
19. Liu, N.; Wang, S.; Su, F.; Ye, J. Research on coupling coordination of China’s new-type urbanization and urban resilience - taking Yangtze river economic belt as an example. Sustainability 2022, 15, 456.
20. Rockström, J.; Falkenmark, M.; Allan, T.; et al. The unfolding water drama in the Anthropocene: towards a resilience-based perspective on water for global sustainability. Ecohydrology. 2014, 7, 1249-61.
21. Wu, X.; Zhang, J.; Geng, X.; Wang, T.; Wang, K.; Liu, S. Increasing green infrastructure-based ecological resilience in urban systems: a perspective from locating ecological and disturbance sources in a resource-based city. Sustain. City. Soc. 2020, 61, 102354.
22. Beveridge, C. E.; Rocheleau, P.; Larkin, D. Frederick law Olmsted: designing the American landscape. New York: Rizzoli; 1995. https://www.rizzoliusa.com/book/9780847869886/.
23. Zhang, Q. Research on urban “blue-green” space creation strategy from the perspective of green development concept: a case study of Wuhan. In: Urban Planning Society of China, Chongqing Municipal People’s Government, eds. Proceedings of 2019 China Urban Planning Annual Conference (08 Urban Ecological Planning). China Architecture & Building Press; 2019:1078-90.(in Chinese).
24. Xie, J. Q.; Zeng, X. Z.; Song, P. F.; Cui, H. L.; Peng, X. F. Research on urban blue-green space planning strategy from the perspective of ecological restoration: a case study of Jinan International Medical Science Center. In: Urban Planning Society of China, Chongqing Municipal People’s Government, Editors. Proceedings of 2019 China Urban Planning Annual Conference (08 Urban Ecological Planning). China Architecture & Building Press; 2019:114-27.(in Chinese).
25. Jiao, X. X.; Zhang, Y. J.; Liu, X. M.; Lu, X.; Zhao, Z. M. Construction and integration evaluation of blue-green space index system of typical rivers and lakes in Shanghai. Resour. Environ. Yangtze. Basin. 2023, 32, 995-1004.(in Chinese).
26. Holling, C. S. Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems. Ecosystems. 2001, 4, 390-405.
27. Wang, L. Q.; Li, G. Z. Spatial-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of urban ecological resilience in China. Arid. Land. Geogr. 2025, 48, 893-904.(in Chinese).
28. Dai, W.; Tan, Y. Study on Multi-scenario rain-flood disturbance simulation and resilient blue-green space optimization in the Pearl River Delta. Buildings. 2024, 14, 3797.
29. Qiu, X.; Kil, S.; Jo, H.; Park, C.; Song, W.; Choi, Y. E. Cooling effect of urban blue and green spaces: a case study of Changsha, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 2023, 20, 2613.
30. Jiang, X.; Ma, T.; Liang, J.; Wang, Y. The greener the cooler? Urban. Climate. 2025, 64, 102679.
31. Lu, P.; Sun, Y.; Steffen, N. Scenario-based performance assessment of green-grey-blue infrastructure for flood-resilient spatial solution: a case study of Pazhou, Guangzhou, greater Bay area. Landsc. Urban. Plann. 2023, 238, 104804.
32. Zhang, Z.; Du, S.; Qian, L.; Qian, G.; Shi, Z.; Yan, C. Analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics and influence mechanisms of blue-green spaces in China’s, 2000-2020. Ecol. Indic. 2025, 178, 113903.
33. Gao, X.; Yuan, Z.; Liu, X.; Liu, F.; Kou, C. Achieving urban ecosystem resilience: static and dynamic attack simulation and cascading failure analysis of urban blue-green infrastructure networks. Ecol. Indic. 2025, 179, 114205.
34. Jiang, L.; Chen, X.; Pu, L.; Xue, H. Spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of tourism ecological resilience in China. Land. 2025, 14, 966.
35. Li, X.; Fan, C.; Sun, X.; et al. The unequal contribution of urban blue-green space to the cooling effect. Front. Environ. Sci. 2025, 13, 1697649.
36. Li, Z. Y.; Feng, X. G.; He, J.; Zuo, W. J. Spatial correlation network structure and driving factors of tourism ecological resilience in China. Geogr. Res. 2024, 43, 1146-65.
37. Zhou, X.; Zhang, X.; Peng, H.; Ren, W.; Zou, Q. Bridging the ecosystem service supply-demand imbalance: spatial flow patterns and driving forces in the Yangtze River midstream urban agglomeration, China. Ecol. Indic. 2025, 175, 113531.
38. Han, X.; Gao, G.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Z.; Wu, X.; Lü, Y. Spatial scale-dependence and controlling factors of ecosystem service supply-demand relationships in the Loess Plateau of China. GeoSus 2025, 6, 100297.
39. Yang, Y.; Yang, M.; Wang, W.; Chen, H.; Sun, X. Spatial heterogeneity and driving factors of ecosystem service trade-offs in Beijing’s ecological conservation area: insights for spatial planning and management. Landsc. Ecol. 2025, 41, 19.
40. An, Z.; Sun, C.; Hao, S. Spatial heterogeneity and driving forces of ecosystem services: an individual-pair-bundle perspective. J. Geogr. Sci. 2025, 35, 2039-68.
41. Chen, X.; Cui, M.; Yang, Q.; et al. Study on the spatiotemporal heterogeneity and threshold effects of ecosystem services in Honghe prefecture, Yunnan province. Remote. Sens. 2025, 17, 566.
42. Muñoz-Vallés, S.; Cambrollé, J.; Figueroa-Luque, E.; Luque, T.; Niell, F.; Figueroa, M. An approach to the evaluation and management of natural carbon sinks: from plant species to urban green systems. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2013, 12, 450-3.
43. Strohbach, M. W.; Arnold, E.; Haase, D. The carbon footprint of urban green space - a life cycle approach. Landsc. Urban. Plann. 2012, 104, 220-9.
44. Lemes de Oliveira, F. Nature in nature-based solutions in urban planning. Landscape. Urban. Plann. 2025, 256, 105282.
45. Huang, T.; Shen, Q.; Zhao, Y.; et al. Research on carbon sink and carbon storage of blue-green space from the perspective of urban ecological planning. In: China Urban Planning Society, Shenyang Municipal People’s Government, Editors. Toward Chinese Modernization: Value and Mission of Planning - Proceedings of 2025 China Urban Planning Annual Conference (09 Urban Ecological Planning). Southeast University School of Architecture; 2025:757-768.
46. Tian, X.; Zhang, Q.; Li, H.; Ke, Y. Dynamics of Net Ecosystem Productivity in Beijing, China over the past two decades based on time-series reconstructed Landsat data: impact of climate, urbanization and afforestation. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2026, 121, 129467.
47. Chen, J.; Sun, Y.; Gan, Z.; Xi, X.; Zhang, Y.; Li, D. Uncovering the mediating role of landscape-pattern changes in the relationship between urban expansion and vegetation carbon sequestration in the Yangtze River Delta region. Urban. Climate. 2026, 67, 102914.
48. Yang, Y.; Yu, C.; Li, S.; Bramston, D. A planting optimization strategy to improve the carbon sink benefit for urban green-taking the communal green of Nanjing Forestry University as an example. Ecol. Indic. 2024, 159, 111619.
49. Zhao, D.; Cai, J.; Xu, Y.; Liu, Y.; Yao, M. Carbon sinks in urban public green spaces under carbon neutrality: a bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review. Urban. For. Urban. Green. 2023, 86, 128037.
50. Ngulani, T.; Shackleton, C. M. Fuelwood production and carbon sequestration in public urban green spaces in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Forests. 2022, 13, 741.
51. Jin, S.; Zhang, E.; Guo, H.; Hu, C.; Zhang, Y.; Yan, D. Comprehensive evaluation of carbon sequestration potential of landscape tree species and its influencing factors analysis: implications for urban green space management. Carbon. Balance. Manage. 2023, 18, 17.
52. Deng, W.; Liu, X.; Hu, H.; et al. Carbon storages and densities of different ecosystems in Changzhou City, China: subtropical forests, urban green spaces, and wetlands. Forests. 2024, 15, 303.
53. Lan, C.; Li, X.; Peng, B.; Li, X. Unlocking urban ecological resilience: the dual role of environmental regulation and green technology innovation. Sustain. City. Soc. 2025, 128, 106466.
54. Lin, Y.; Wang, Q.; Zheng, M. Nexus among digital economy, green innovation, and green development: evidence from China. Emerg. Mark. Financ. Tr. 2023, 60, 704-23.
55. Guo, F.; Yang, C.; Feng, S. The impact of digital economy on green technology innovation and its mechanism: evidence from 274 cities in China. Emerg. Mark. Financ. Tr. 2024, 60, 1971-85.
56. Yi, J.; Shiji, L.; Ren, M.; Yang, X.; Dhar, B. Green innovation, ESG governance, and digital transformation: evidence from China’s high-end manufacturing sector. Oeconomia. Copernicana. 2025, 16, 977-1020.
57. Saiyed, S.; Hasan, M.; Chowdhury, R.; Bin Parves, K. M. T.; Hariyadi, E.; Kumar, V. Harnessing artificial intelligence to strengthen green innovation capacity in pursuit of sustainable development goals: evidence from Taiwan’s manufacturing sector. Equilibrium. Q. J. Econ. Econ. Policy. 2025, 20, 877-904.
58. Pisani, N.; Kolk, A.; Ocelík, V.; Wu, G. Does it pay for cities to be green? J. Int. Bus. Policy. 2019, 2, 62-85.
59. Fan, P.; Ouyang, Z.; Basnou, C.; Pino, J.; Park, H.; Chen, J. Nature-based solutions for urban landscapes under post-industrialization and globalization: Barcelona versus Shanghai. Environ. Res. 2017, 156, 272-83.
60. Li, X.; Xiao, L. The impact of urban green business environment on FDI quality and its driving mechanism: evidence from China. World. Dev. 2024, 175, 106494.
61. He, X.; Yang, L. Export trade effect and regional differences of inward FDI: an empirical analysis based on provincial panel data from 1994 to 2007. J. Southwest. Minzu. University. (Humanities. and. Social. Sciences). 2010, 31, 156-61.
62. Huang, J.; Zhong, P.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, L. Spatial-temporal differentiation and driving factors of ecological resilience in the Yellow River Basin, China. Ecol. Indic. 2023, 154, 110763.
63. Hu, H.; Yan, K.; Shi, Y.; Lv, T.; Zhang, X.; Wang, X. Decrypting resilience: the spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors of ecological resilience in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration. Environ. Impact. Assess. Rev. 2024, 106, 107540.
64. Hu, X.; Ma, C.; Huang, P.; Guo, X. Ecological vulnerability assessment based on AHP-PSR method and analysis of its single parameter sensitivity and spatial autocorrelation for ecological protection - a case of Weifang City, China. Ecol. Indic. 2021, 125, 107464.
65. Salomon, A. K.; Quinlan, A. E.; Pang, G. H.; Okamoto, D. K.; Vazquez-Vera, L. Measuring social-ecological resilience reveals opportunities for transforming environmental governance. Ecol. Soc. 2019, 24, art16.
66. Waller, M. A. Resilience in ecosystemic context: evolution of the concept. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry. 2001, 71, 290-7.
67. Zhang, M. D.; Ren, Y. T. Impact of environmental regulation on ecological resilience - a perspective of “Local-neighborhood” effect. J. Beijing. Inst. Technol. (Soc. Sci. Ed). 2022, 24, 16-29.
68. Cai, J. M.; Guo, H.; Wang, D. G. Review on the resilient city research overseas. Prog. Geogr. 2012, 31, 1245-55.
69. Chen, X. H.; Lou, J. N.; Wang, Y. Evolution and dynamic simulation of the temporal-spatial pattern of urban resilience in Harbin-Changchun Urban Group. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2020, 40, 2000-9.
70. Zhang, P.; Yu, W.; Zhang, Y. W. Spatiotemporal differentiation and influencing factors of urban resilience in Shandong Province. Urban. Probl. 2018, 27-34.
71. Lee, C.; Yan, J.; Li, T. Ecological resilience of city clusters in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. J. Clean. Prod. 2024, 443, 141082.
72. Jiao, L.; Wang, L.; Lu, H.; Fan, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, Y. An assessment model for urban resilience based on the pressure-state-response framework and BP-GA neural network. Urban. Climate. 2023, 49, 101543.
73. Das, A.; Poddar, S.; Mallick, J.; Hang, H. T.; Talukdar, S. Urban ecological risk and social vulnerability assessment for equitable climate resilience planning in Siliguri, India. Sustain. City. Soc. 2026, 136, 107113.
74. Yuan, Y.; Tang, S.; Guo, W.; Zhang, J. Spatiotemporal dynamics and driving factors of green-blue space in high-density cities: evidence from central Nanjing. Ecol. Indic. 2024, 160, 111860.
75. Peng, X.; Jin, Y.; Girling, C.; Wu, S. Indicators shaping urban greenspace spatial performance in China: a systematic review of the literature. World. Dev. 2025, 195, 107148.
76. Jiang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Sun, Y.; Li, X. Distribution of CO2 concentration and its spatial influencing indices in urban park green space. Forests. 2023, 14, 1396.
77. Ouyang, X.; Chen, J.; Wei, X.; Li, J. Ecological resilience in China’s ten urban agglomerations: evolution and influence under the background of carbon neutrality. Ecol. Model. 2025, 508, 111226.
78. Liu, Z. H.; Yuan, S.; Zhang, J. L.; Wang, Y. Z.; Pan, W. Y.; Cao, C. F. Comprehensive measurement, spatial differentiation, and impact effects of China’s ecological environment resilience. Environ. Sci. 2026, 47, 4810-22.
79. Fan, J. H.; Zhao, J. Q.; Pian, L. K. A study of the impact of the suitability of digital innovation ecosystem on provincial economic resilience. Sci. Technol. Prog. Policy. 2026, 43, 35-44.
80. Can, M.; Ben Jebli, M.; Brusselaers, J. Can green trade save the environment? Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2022, 29, 44091-102.
81. Luo, N. S.; Wang, Y. Z. Fiscal decentralization, environmental regulation and regional ecological efficiency: an empirical study based on dynamic spatial Durbin model. China. Popul. Resour. Environ. 2017, 27, 110-8.
82. Huang, H.; Xiao, Y.; Ding, G.; et al. Comprehensive evaluation of island habitat quality based on the invest model and terrain diversity: a case study of Haitan Island, China. Sustainability. 2023, 15, 11293.
83. Seo, J.; Choi, S.; Keum, J.; Lim, J.; Yang, H.; Kim, S. Hydrological sensitivity of mountainous wetlands to precipitation and potential evapotranspiration using elasticity curves. Ecol. Eng. 2025, 212, 107542.
84. Jiang, S.; Feng, F.; Zhang, X.; Xu, C.; Jia, B.; Lafortezza, R. Driving factors of fragmentation in urban landscapes: local contributions, spatial relationships, and causal effects. Ecol. Indic. 2025, 174, 113454.
85. Wen, Z. L.; Zhang, L.; Hau, K. T.; Liu, H. Y. Testing and application of the mediating effects. Acta. Psychol. Sin. 2004, 36, 614-20.(in Chinese).
87. Yang, J.; Huang, X. The 30 m annual land cover dataset and its dynamics in China from 1990 to 2019. Earth. Syst. Sci. Data. 2021, 13, 3907-25. Data for 1985–2024 (version 1.0.4): Zenodo; 2025.
88. Wang, Y.; Song, M.; Zhu, S.; Jiang, Z.; Zhang, Z. Coupling study on ecological resilience and urban-rural integrated development in China. Front. Environ. Sci. 2025, 13, 1552533.
89. Huang, J.; Lu, H.; Du, M. Coordinated development of digital economy and ecological resilience in China: spatial-temporal evolution and convergence. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 2025.
90. Ran, X.; Ding, R.; Zhang, B. Evolution trends, spatial differentiation, and convergence characteristics of urban ecological economic resilience in China. Systems. 2025, 13, 666.
91. Niu, T.; Hou, Z.; Yu, J.; et al. Interactions between the structure of forest-grassland ecological spatial networks and water conservation functions at a national scale. Landsc. Archit. Sustain. 2025, 1, 100004.
92. Lian, M.; Wang, J.; Zhang, X. Analysis of the evolution and spatial effects of green space pattern in China’s urbanization process: a case study of Guangzhou City. Sci. Rep. 2026, 16, 11340.
93. Zhang, G.; Yang, L.; Zhang, J.; Tang, C.; Li, Y.; Wang, C. Ecological restoration reshapes ecosystem service interactions: a 30-year study from China’s Southern red-soil critical zone. Forests. 2025, 16, 1263.
94. Wu, S. J.; Xie, S. Y.; Zhang, S.; et al. Research on the construction of blue-green space in semi-arid coal mining areas based on mine water. Coal. Eng. 2026, 58, 192-9.(in Chinese).
95. Wang, S.; Cao, S.; Du, M.; Liu, Y.; Qian, Y. Investigating sustainable development trajectories in China (2006-2021): a coupling coordination analysis of the social, economic, and ecological nexus. Sustainability. 2026, 18, 899.
96. Zhang, Y. L.; Zhong, L. S.; Zhang, H. F.; An, J. F. Spatial and temporal differentiation of urban resilience in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Region of China and its influencing factors. Modern. Urban. Res. 2025, 69-76.(in Chinese).
97. Grossman, G. M.; Krueger, A. B. Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. NBER Working Paper No. 3914. Published 1991.
98. Hansen, B. E. Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels: estimation, testing, and inference. J. Econom. 1999, 93, 345-68.
