REFERENCES
1. He, D.; Deng, X.; Wang, X.; Zhang, F. Livestock greenhouse gas emission and mitigation potential in China. J. Environ. Manag. 2023, 348, 119494.
2. Wei, C.; Li, J.; Xu, W.; Sha, Y.; Qu, Y. Temporal and spatial dynamics of carbon emissions in animal husbandry and their influencing factors: a case study of three provinces in Northeast China. J. Clean. Prod. 2025, 508, 145418.
3. Li, L.; Awada, T.; Shi, Y.; Jin, V. L.; Kaiser, M. Global greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture: pathways to sustainable reductions. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2025, 31, e70015.
4. He, D.; Deng, X.; Gao, Y.; Wang, X. How does digitalization affect carbon emissions in animal husbandry? A new evidence from China. Resour. Conserv. Recy. 2025, 214, 108040.
5. Soussana, J.; Allard, V.; Pilegaard, K.; et al. Full accounting of the greenhouse gas (CO2, N2O, CH4) budget of nine European grassland sites. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 2007, 121, 121-34.
6. Wan, L.; Liu, G.; Su, X. Global meta-analysis reveals different grazing management strategies change greenhouse gas emissions and global warming potential in grasslands. Geogr. Sustain. 2025, 6, 100251.
7. Imer, D.; Merbold, L.; Eugster, W.; Buchmann, N. Temporal and spatial variations of soil CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes at three differently managed grasslands. Biogeosciences 2013, 10, 5931-45.
8. You, C.; Wang, Y.; Tan, X.; et al. Inner Mongolia grasslands act as a weak regional carbon sink: a new estimation based on upscaling eddy covariance observations. Agr. Forest. Meteorol. 2023, 342, 109719.
9. Dong, S. Revitalizing the grassland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Grassland. Res. 2023, 2, 241-50.
10. Wang, L.; Yan, L.; Zhang, J.; Lu, F.; Ouyang, Z. Spatiotemporal patterns and alleviating of grassland overgrazing under current and future conditions in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J. Environ. Manag. 2025, 376, 124456.
11. Li, S.; Li, Y.; Wang, W.; et al. Dietary habits of pastoralists on the Tibetan plateau are influenced by remoteness and economic status. Food. Res. Int. 2023, 174, 113627.
12. Wang, T.; Ji, X.; Wei, J.; et al. The Tibetan Plateau acts as a net greenhouse gas sink. Sci. Bull. 2025, 70, 2147-56.
13. Li, W.; Liu, Y.; Lin, Q.; et al. Identification of ecological security pattern in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Ecol. Indic. 2025, 170, 113057.
14. Dong, S.; Xu, Y.; Li, S.; Shen, H.; Yang, M.; Xiao, J. Restoration actions associated with payment for ecosystem services promote the economic returns of alpine grasslands in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2024, 458, 142439.
15. Chen, H.; Ju, P.; Zhu, Q.; et al. Carbon and nitrogen cycling on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Nat. Rev. Earth. Environ. 2022, 3, 701-16.
16. Wang, Y.; Lv, W.; Xue, K.; et al. Grassland changes and adaptive management on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Nat. Rev. Earth. Environ. 2022, 3, 668-83.
17. Xu, X.; Zhao, Q.; Guo, J.; et al. Inequality in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions intensity has risen in rural China from 1993 to 2020. Nat. Food. 2024, 5, 916-28.
18. Mayer, R.; Erschbamer, B. Long-term effects of grazing on subalpine and alpine grasslands in the Central Alps, Austria. Basic. Appl. Ecol. 2017, 24, 9-18.
19. Wilson, K. M.; McCool, W. C.; Brewer, S. C.; et al. Climate and demography drive 7000 years of dietary change in the Central Andes. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 2026.
20. Bai, Y.; Guo, C.; Li, S.; et al. Instability of decoupling livestock greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth in livestock products in the Tibetan highland. J. Environ. Manag. 2021, 287, 112334.
21. Cai, Y.; Wang, X.; Tian, L.; Zhao, H.; Lu, X.; Yan, Y. The impact of excretal returns from yak and Tibetan sheep dung on nitrous oxide emissions in an alpine steppe on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 2014, 76, 90-9.
22. Liu, Y.; Yan, C.; Matthew, C.; Wood, B.; Hou, F. Key sources and seasonal dynamics of greenhouse gas fluxes from yak grazing systems on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 40857.
23. Sun, Y.; Angerer, J. P.; Hou, F. J. Effects of grazing systems on herbage mass and liveweight gain of Tibetan sheep in Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Rangeland. J. 2015, 37, 181-90.
24. Yang, C.; Zhang, Y.; Hou, F.; Millner, J. P.; Wang, Z.; Chang, S. Grazing activity increases decomposition of yak dung and litter in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Plant. Soil. 2019, 444, 239-50.
25. ISO 14040:2006. Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework. Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html#lifecycle [Last accessed on 25 Nov 2025].
26. Ding, X.; Long, R.; Kreuzer, M.; Mi, J.; Yang, B. Methane emissions from yak (Bos grunniens) steers grazing or kept indoors and fed diets with varying forage:concentrate ratio during the cold season on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 2010, 162, 91-8.
27. Eggleston, H.; Buendia, L.; Miwa, K.; et al. 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Available from: https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/ [Last accessed on 25 Nov 2025].
28. Schönbach, P.; Wolf, B.; Dickhöfer, U.; et al. Grazing effects on the greenhouse gas balance of a temperate steppe ecosystem. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 2012, 93, 357-71.
29. Xue, B.; Zhao, X.; Zhang, Y. Feed intake dynamic of grazing livestock in nature grassland in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (In Chinese). Ecol. Domest. Anim. 2004, 25, 21-5. Available from: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=LYi8dJWcB0US51TTv_C0U4AAqF2FuFOkoAXGRTl7404KJ1Qoy52Bdlh9WbwYV0z1p4flRkQcJ6l8iCRzTVKJ272OVCIy7ZXRiBkgy1Gkt07Mv5FB8Mpm73JKDQv6y5O9sSEcPvCqRKgX-H9g6QA0EDr-I0fkdDYXr5Q5MMUmnuoiSI673IL6IA==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS [Last accessed on 25 Nov 2025].
30. Lin, X.; Wang, S.; Ma, X.; et al. Fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O in an alpine meadow affected by yak excreta on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau during summer grazing periods. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 2009, 41, 718-25.
31. Wang, S.; Li, Y. The influence of diffeent stocking rates and grazing periods on the amount of feces and its relationship to DM intake and digestibility of grazing sheep. Acta. Zoonutrimenta. Sin. 1997, 9, 47-54. Available from: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=LYi8dJWcB0UPd7L8kJKrdcsbssXk5pZr-ZHMMYqw4yxP6J-ES5t3Bzolan81VvPQ33lADw3uLJ5D8ns2ZUhZnURSYBEOzbJzXP4zDWjI9ebDiKr4qN1wpwddgsXQCpgQoGzJvfcA_wINxul8XUCXmZmiBF01kSIxB7yJIUKOuvli-ls19ttOtg==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS [Last accessed on 27 Nov 2025].
32. Yan, L.; Wang, P. Contributions of ruminants and their excreta to N2O and CH4 emissions. CJE 2011, 30, 2604-12.
33. Artaxo, P.; Berntsen, T.; Betts, R.; et al. Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. 2007. Available from: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ar4-wg1-chapter2-1.pdf [Last accessed on 25 Nov 2025].
34. Yelery, A. The national development reform commission’s report at the 4th session of 12th national people’s congress: a review. Sage. J. 2016, 52, 228-34.
35. Piñeiro, G.; Paruelo, J. M.; Oesterheld, M.; Jobbágy, E. G. Pathways of grazing effects on soil organic carbon and nitrogen. Rangeland. Ecol. Manag. 2010, 63, 109-19.
36. Cui, X.; Wang, Z.; Yan, T.; Chang, S.; Hou, F. Modulation of feed digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, energy utilisation and serum biochemical indices by dietary Ligularia virgaurea supplementation in Tibetan sheep. Animal 2023, 17, 100910.
37. Reay, M. K.; Marsden, K. A.; Powell, S.; et al. The soil microbial community and plant biomass differentially contribute to the retention and recycling of urinary-N in grasslands. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 2023, 180, 109011.
38. Zhou, X.; Wang, Y.; Huang, X.; Tian, J.; Hao, Y. Effect of grazing intensities on the activity and community structure of methane-oxidizing bacteria of grassland soil in Inner Mongolia. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 2008, 80, 145-52.
39. Ren, S.; Wang, T.; Ji, X.; et al. Grazing reverses climate-induced soil carbon gains on the Tibetan Plateau. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 6978.
40. Kato, T.; Hirota, M.; Tang, Y.; et al. Strong temperature dependence and no moss photosynthesis in winter CO2 flux for a Kobresia meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 2005, 37, 1966-9.
41. Cai, Y.; Wang, X.; Ding, W.; Tian, L.; Zhao, H.; Lu, X. Potential short-term effects of yak and Tibetan sheep dung on greenhouse gas emissions in two alpine grassland soils under laboratory conditions. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 2013, 49, 1215-26.
42. Wang, X.; Luo, X.; Zhang, Y.; Kang, S.; Chen, P.; Niu, H. Black carbon: a general review of its sources, analytical methods, and environmental effects in snow and ice in the Tibetan Plateau. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2024, 31, 3413-24.
43. Cao, G.; Tang, Y.; Mo, W.; Wang, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhao, X. Grazing intensity alters soil respiration in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 2004, 36, 237-43.
44. Nyamuryekung’e, S. Transforming ranching: precision livestock management in the internet of things era. Rangelands 2024, 46, 13-22.
45. Arango, J.; Rubio, N. M.; Costa, C. Jr.; et al. Scaling up Hacienda San Jose sustainable ranch model and securing private sector finance. Montpellier: CGIAR System Organization. 2024. Available from: https://www.sidalc.net/search/Record/dig-cgspace-10568-173196/Description [Last accessed on 25 Nov 2025].
46. Gill, M.; Smith, P.; Wilkinson, J. M. Mitigating climate change: the role of domestic livestock. Animal 2010, 4, 323-33.
47. Dayoub, M.; Shnaigat, S.; Tarawneh, R.; Al-Yacoub, A.; Al-Barakeh, F.; Al-Najjar, K. Enhancing animal production through smart agriculture: possibilities, hurdles, resolutions, and advantages. Ruminants 2024, 4, 22-46.





