REFERENCES
1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Greenhouse gas emissions from agrifood systems - Global, regional and country trends, 2000-2022. FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series, No. 94. Rome. 2024. Available from: https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/111b7ee8-282b-42ff-ad95-cccecd90f8ea/content [Last accessed on 5 Mar 2026].
2. Mancini, M. S.; Galli, A.; Niccolucci, V.; et al. Ecological footprint: refining the carbon footprint calculation. Ecol. Ind. 2016, 61, 390-403.
3. Ozlu, E.; Arriaga, F. J.; Bilen, S.; Gozukara, G.; Babur, E. Carbon footprint management by agricultural practices. Biology 2022, 11, 1453.
4. Clay, D. E.; Chang, J.; Clay, S. A.; et al. Corn yields and no‐tillage affects carbon sequestration and carbon footprints. Agron. J. 2012, 104, 763-70.
5. Ranjan, S.; Kumar, S.; Dutta, S. K.; et al. Influence of 36 years of integrated nutrient management on soil carbon sequestration, environmental footprint and agronomic productivity of wheat under rice-wheat cropping system. Front. Environ. Sci. 2023, 11, 1222909.
6. Wang, R.; Mattox, C. M.; Phillips, C. L.; Kowalewski, A. R. Carbon sequestration in turfgrass-soil systems. Plants 2022, 11, 2478.
7. Horst, M.; McClintock, N.; Hoey, L. The intersection of planning, urban agriculture, and food justice: a review of the literature. In: Planning for equitable urban agriculture in the United States: future directions for a new ethic in city building. 2024, pp. 89-120.
8. Lal, R. Agricultural activities and the global carbon cycle. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 2004, 70, 103-16.
9. Forfora, N.; Azuaje, I.; Vivas, K. A.; et al. Evaluating biomass sustainability: why below-ground carbon sequestration matters. J. Clean. Prod. 2024, 439, 140677.
10. Fagodiya, R. K.; Verma, K.; Sharma, G.; et al. Assessing the soil organic carbon stability and greenhouse gases mitigation in rice-wheat system: seventeen-years assessment of tillage and residue management. Soil. Till. Res. 2025, 254, 106697.
11. Vieira, F. C. B.; Bayer, C.; Zanatta, J. A.; Dieckow, J.; Mielniczuk, J.; He, Z. L. Carbon management index based on physical fractionation of soil organic matter in an Acrisol under long-term no-till cropping systems. Soil. Till. Res. 2007, 96, 195-204.
12. Mir, Y. H.; Ganie, M. A.; Shah, T. I.; et al. Soil microbial and enzyme activities in different land use systems of the Northwestern Himalayas. PeerJ 2023, 11, e15993.
13. Ofiti, N. O.; Zosso, C. U.; Soong, J. L.; et al. Warming promotes loss of subsoil carbon through accelerated degradation of plant-derived organic matter. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 2021, 156, 108185.
14. Melillo, J. M.; Butler, S.; Johnson, J.; et al. Soil warming, carbon-nitrogen interactions, and forest carbon budgets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2011, 108, 9508-12.
15. Schindlbacher, A.; Zechmeister‐Boltenstern, S. O. P. H. I. E.; Jandl, R. Carbon losses due to soil warming: do autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration respond equally? Global. Chang. Biol. 2009, 15, 901-13.
16. Wu, G.; Huang, H.; Jia, B.; et al. Partial organic substitution increases soil quality and crop yields but promotes global warming potential in a wheat-maize rotation system in China. Soil. Till. Res. 2024, 244, 106274.
17. Paustian, K.; Larson, E.; Kent, J.; Marx, E.; Swan, A. Soil C sequestration as a biological negative emission strategy. Front. Clim. 2019, 1, 8.
18. Georgiou, K.; Angers, D.; Champiny, R. E.; et al. Soil carbon saturation: what do we really know? Glob. Chang. Biol. 2025, 31, e70197.
19. De, Mello. D. C.; Francelino, M. R.; Moquedace, C. M.; et al. Global warming may turn ice-free areas of Maritime and Peninsular Antarctica into potential soil organic carbon sinks. Commun. Earth. Environ. 2025, 6, 1937.
20. Qian, R.; Guo, R.; Liu, Y.; et al. Biodegradable film mulching combined with straw incorporation can significantly reduce global warming potential with higher spring maize yield. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 2022, 340, 108181.
21. Piva, J. T.; Dieckow, J.; Bayer, C.; et al. No-till reduces global warming potential in a subtropical Ferralsol. Plant. Soil. 2012, 361, 359-73.
22. Jin, V. L.; Schmer, M. R.; Stewart, C. E.; Sindelar, A. J.; Varvel, G. E.; Wienhold, B. J. Long-term no-till and stover retention each decrease the global warming potential of irrigated continuous corn. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2017, 23, 2848-62.
23. Ghimire, R.; Norton, U.; Bista, P.; Obour, A. K.; Norton, J. B. Soil organic matter, greenhouse gases and net global warming potential of irrigated conventional, reduced-tillage and organic cropping systems. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 2017, 107, 49-62.
24. Timmermann, T.; Yip, C.; Yang, Y. Y.; et al. Harnessing microbes to weather native silicates in agricultural soils for scalable carbon dioxide removal. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2025, 31, e70216.
25. Leng, C.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, Q.; et al. Synergistically mitigating nitric oxide emission by co-applications of biochar and nitrification inhibitor in a tropical agricultural soil. Environ. Res. 2022, 214, 113989.
26. Smith, P. Soil carbon sequestration and biochar as negative emission technologies. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2016, 22, 1315-24.
27. Ayaz, M.; Feizienė, D.; Tilvikienė, V.; Feiza, V.; Baltrėnaitė-Gedienė, E.; Ullah, S. Biochar with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer reduces direct greenhouse gas emission flux from soil. Plants 2023, 12, 1002.
28. Elkhlifi, Z.; Iftikhar, J.; Sarraf, M.; et al. Potential role of biochar on capturing soil nutrients, carbon sequestration and managing environmental challenges: a review. Sustainability 2023, 15, 2527.
29. Page, K. L.; Dang, Y. P.; Menzies, N. W.; Dalal, R. C. No-till systems to sequester soil carbon: potential and reality. In: Dang YP, Dalal RC, Menzies NW, editors. No-till farming systems for sustainable agriculture. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. pp. 301-17.
30. Schindlbacher, A.; Beck, K.; Holzheu, S.; Borken, W. Inorganic carbon leaching from a warmed and irrigated carbonate forest soil. Front. For. Glob. Change. 2019, 2, 40.
31. Fan, J.; Luo, R.; Liu, D.; et al. Stover retention rather than no-till decreases the global warming potential of rainfed continuous maize cropland. Field. Crops. Res. 2018, 219, 14-23.
32. Fernández, F. J.; Sanchez-Arias, V.; Rodriguez, L.; Villasenor, J. Feasibility of composting combinations of sewage sludge, olive mill waste and winery waste in a rotary drum reactor. Waste. Manag. 2010, 30, 1948-56.
33. Srinivasarao, C.; Vittal, K. P. R.; Venkateswarlu, B.; et al. Carbon stocks in different soil types under diverse rainfed production systems in tropical India. Commun. Soil. Sci. Plant. Anal. 2009, 40, 2338-56.
34. Nazir, M. J.; Li, G.; Nazir, M. M.; et al. Harnessing soil carbon sequestration to address climate change challenges in agriculture. Soil. Till. Res. 2024, 237, 105959.
35. Mohamad, R. S.; Verrastro, V.; Al, Bitar. L.; Roma, R.; Moretti, M.; Al, Chami. Z. Effect of different agricultural practices on carbon emission and carbon stock in organic and conventional olive systems. Soil. Res. 2016, 54, 173-81.
36. Stockmann, U.; Adams, M. A.; Crawford, J. W.; et al. The knowns, known unknowns and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 2013, 164, 80-99.
37. Dynarski, K. A.; Bossio, D. A.; Scow, K. M. Dynamic stability of soil carbon: reassessing the “permanence” of soil carbon sequestration. Front. Environ. Sci. 2020, 8, 514701.
38. Singh, P.; Dheri, G. S.; Nazir, G. Management of saline and sodic soils for carbon sequestration. Commun. Soil. Sci. Plant. Anal. 2025, 56, 2618-39.
39. Zheng, J.; Cheng, K.; Pan, G.; et al. Perspectives on studies on soil carbon stocks and the carbon sequestration potential of China. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2011, 56, 3748-58.
40. Sarkar, R.; Corriher-olson, V.; Long, C.; Somenahally, A. Challenges and potentials for soil organic carbon sequestration in forage and grazing systems. Rangeland. Ecol. Manag. 2020, 73, 786-95.
41. Lorenz, K.; Lal, R. Soil organic carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 2014, 34, 443-54.
42. Luo, L.; Wang, J.; Lv, J.; et al. Carbon sequestration strategies in soil using biochar: advances, challenges, and opportunities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2023, 57, 11357-72.
43. Ghimire, R.; Clay, D. E.; Thapa, S.; Hurd, B. More carbon per drop to enhance soil carbon sequestration in water-limited environments. Carbon. Manag. 2022, 13, 450-62.
44. Thamo, T.; Pannell, D. J. Challenges in developing effective policy for soil carbon sequestration: perspectives on additionality, leakage, and permanence. Climate. Policy. 2016, 16, 973-92.
45. Darwish, T.; Atallah, T.; Fadel, A. Challenges of soil carbon sequestration in the NENA region. SOIL 2018, 4, 225-35.
46. Minasny, B.; Malone, B. P.; Mcbratney, A. B.; et al. Soil carbon 4 per mille. Geoderma 2017, 292, 59-86.
47. Mattila, T. J.; Hagelberg, E.; Söderlund, S.; Joona, J. How farmers approach soil carbon sequestration? Soil. Till. Res. 2022, 215, 105204.
48. Cole, A. P.; Loeb, S. Dietary and lifestyle recommendations that align patient and planetary health. Eur. Urol. Focus. 2023, 9, 869-72.
49. Lutz, M. Healthy sustainable food patterns and systems: a planetary urgency. Medwave 2021, 21, e8436.
50. Hagger, V.; Waltham, N. J.; Lovelock, C. E. Opportunities for coastal wetland restoration for blue carbon with co-benefits for biodiversity, coastal fisheries, and water quality. Ecosyst. Serv. 2022, 55, 101423.
51. Kellogg, L.; Turcotle, D.; Harsha, N. On the role of Urey reaction in extracting carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and adding it to the continental crust. Front. Astron. Space. Sci. 2019, 6, 62.
52. Monger, H. C.; Kraimer, R. A.; Khresat, S.; Cole, D. R.; Wang, X. J.; Wang, J. P. Sequestration of inorganic carbon in soil and groundwater. Geology 2015, 43, 375-8.
53. Honvault, N.; Tiouchichine, M.; Sauze, J.; et al. Additive effects of basalt enhanced weathering and biochar co-application on carbon sequestration, soil nutrient status and plant performance in a mesocosm experiment. Appl. Geochem. 2024, 169, 106054.
54. Angers, D.; Arrouays, D.; Cardinael, R.; et al. A well‐established fact: rapid mineralization of organic inputs is an important factor for soil carbon sequestration. Eur. J. Soil. Sci. 2022, 73, e13242.
55. Lei, K.; Bucka, F. B.; Teixeira, P. P. C.; Buegger, F.; Just, C.; Kögel-Knabner, I. Balancing organic and inorganic carbon dynamics in enhanced rock weathering: implications for carbon sequestration. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2025, 31, e70186.
56. Zhao, H.; Tian, X.; Chen, Y.; Dong, J.; Shi, J. Effect of exogenous substances on soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration under maize stover addition. Soil. Sci. Plant. Nutr. 2017, 63, 591-8.
57. Keenor, S. G.; Rodrigues, A. F.; Mao, L.; Latawiec, A. E.; Harwood, A. R.; Reid, B. J. Capturing a soil carbon economy. R. Soc. Open. Sci. 2021, 8, 202305.
58. Kragt, M.; Gibson, F.; Maseyk, F.; Wilson, K. Public willingness to pay for carbon farming and its co-benefits. Ecol. Econ. 2016, 126, 125-31.
59. Iizumi, T.; Wagai, R. Leveraging drought risk reduction for sustainable food, soil and climate via soil organic carbon sequestration. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 19744.
60. Duncan, D. H.; Dorrough, J.; White, M.; Moxham, C. Blowing in the wind? Landsc. Ecol. 2008, 23, 107-19.
61. Baumber, A.; Metternicht, G.; Cross, R.; Ruoso, L.; Cowie, A. L.; Waters, C. Promoting co-benefits of carbon farming in Oceania: applying and adapting approaches and metrics from existing market-based schemes. Ecosyst. Serv. 2019, 39, 100982.
62. Baumber, A.; Waters, C.; Cross, R.; Metternicht, G.; Simpson, M. Carbon farming for resilient rangelands: people, paddocks and policy. Rangeland. J. 2020, 42, 293-307.
63. Tschora, H.; Cherubini, F. Co-benefits and trade-offs of agroforestry for climate change mitigation and other sustainability goals in West Africa. Global. Ecol. Conserv. 2020, 22, e00919.
64. Vienne, A.; Poblador, S.; Portillo-Estrada, M.; et al. Enhanced weathering using basalt rock powder: carbon sequestration, co-benefits and risks in a mesocosm study with solanum tuberosum. Front. Clim. 2022, 4, 869456.
65. Gosnell, H.; Charnley, S.; Stanley, P. Climate change mitigation as a co-benefit of regenerative ranching: insights from Australia and the United States. Interface. Focus. 2020, 10, 20200027.
66. Bless, A.; Davila, F.; Plant, R. Commodification and co-benefits: neoliberalism and the growth of regenerative agriculture in Australia. J. Rural. Stud. 2025, 118, 103692.
67. Pichancourt, J. B.; Firn, J.; Chadès, I.; Martin, T. G. Growing biodiverse carbon-rich forests. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2014, 20, 382-93.
68. Frank, S.; Schmid, E.; Havlík, P.; et al. The dynamic soil organic carbon mitigation potential of European cropland. Global. Environ. Chang. 2015, 35, 269-78.
70. Piikki, K.; Söderström, M.; Sommer, R.; Da, Silva. M.; Munialo, S.; Abera, W. A boundary plane approach to map hotspots for achievable soil carbon sequestration and soil fertility improvement. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4038.
71. Moinet, G. Y. K.; Hijbeek, R.; van, Vuuren. D. P.; Giller, K. E. Carbon for soils, not soils for carbon. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2023, 29, 2384-98.
72. Lessmann, M.; Ros, G. H.; Young, M. D.; de, Vries. W. Global variation in soil carbon sequestration potential through improved cropland management. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2022, 28, 1162-77.
73. Bangroo, S. A.; Ali, T.; Mahdi, S. S.; Najar, G. R.; Sofi, J. A. Carbon and greenhouse gas mitigation through soil carbon sequestration potential of adaptive agriculture and agroforestry systems. Range. Manag. Agrofor. 2013, 34, 1-11.
74. Brown, T.; Huggins, D. Soil carbon sequestration in the dryland cropping region of the Pacific Northwest. J. Soil. Water. Conserv. 2012, 67, 406-15.
75. Follett, R. F.; Reed, D. A. Soil carbon sequestration in grazing lands: societal benefits and policy implications. Range. Ecol. Manag. 2010, 63, 4-15.
76. Follett, R. Soil management concepts and carbon sequestration in cropland soils. Soil. Till. Res. 2001, 61, 77-92.
77. Li, C.; Fultz, L. M.; Moore-Kucera, J.; et al. Soil carbon sequestration potential in semi-arid grasslands in the Conservation Reserve Program. Geoderma 2017, 294, 80-90.
78. Shrestha, R. K.; Lal, R. Ecosystem carbon budgeting and soil carbon sequestration in reclaimed mine soil. Environ. Int. 2006, 32, 781-96.
79. Zuo, W.; Gu, B.; Zou, X.; et al. Soil organic carbon sequestration in croplands can make remarkable contributions to China's carbon neutrality. J. Clean. Prod. 2023, 382, 135268.
80. Vicente, J. L.; García-Ruiz, R.; Francaviglia, R.; Aguilera, E.; Smith, P. Soil carbon sequestration rates under Mediterranean woody crops using recommended management practices: a meta-analysis. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 2016, 235, 204-14.
81. Rossel RA, Webster R, Bui EN, Baldock JA. Baseline map of organic carbon in Australian soil to support national carbon accounting and monitoring under climate change. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2014, 20, 2953-70.
82. Freibauer, A.; Rounsevell, M. D.; Smith, P.; Verhagen, J. Carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe. Geoderma 2004, 122, 1-23.
83. Smith, P. Carbon sequestration in croplands: the potential in Europe and the global context. Eur. J. Agron. 2004, 20, 229-36.
84. Pant, D.; Shah, K. K.; Sharma, S.; et al. Soil and ocean carbon sequestration, carbon capture, utilization, and storage as negative emission strategies for global climate change. J. Soil. Sci. Plant. Nutr. 2023, 23, 1421-37.
85. Bamière, L.; Jayet, P.; Kahindo, S.; Martin, E. Carbon sequestration in French agricultural soils: a spatial economic evaluation. Agr. Econ. 2021, 52, 301-16.
86. Berta, N.; Roux, A. The endless expansion of carbon offsetting: sequestration by agricultural soils in historical perspective. Camb. J. Econ. 2024, 48, 451-70.
87. Zhang, K.; Liu, Z.; Mccarl, B. A.; Fei, C. J. Enhancing agricultural soil carbon sequestration: a review with some research needs. Climate 2024, 12, 151.
88. Rosinger, C.; Keiblinger, K.; Bieber, M.; et al. On-farm soil organic carbon sequestration potentials are dominated by site effects, not by management practices. Geoderma 2023, 433, 116466.
89. Maenhout, P.; Di, Bene. C.; Cayuela, M. L.; et al. Trade‐offs and synergies of soil carbon sequestration: addressing knowledge gaps related to soil management strategies. Eur. J. Soil. Sci. 2024, 75, e13515.
90. Gross, A.; Bromm, T.; Glaser, B. Soil organic carbon sequestration after biochar application: a global meta-analysis. Agronomy 2021, 11, 2474.
91. Hunter, R.; Sluyter, A. Sixteenth-century soil carbon sequestration rates based on Mexican land-grant documents. Holocene 2015, 25, 880-5.
92. Eyles, A.; Coghlan, G.; Hardie, M.; Hovenden, M.; Bridle, K. Soil carbon sequestration in cool-temperate dryland pastures: mechanisms and management options. Soil. Res. 2015, 53, 349-65.
93. Das, S. K. Assessing soil carbon sequestration capacity of cropland’s with cool farm tool under organic agriculture. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2025, 22, 14993-5002.
94. Aragon N, Xie Y, Bigelow D, Lark TJ, Eagle AJ. The realistic potential of soil carbon sequestration in U.S. croplands for climate mitigation. Earths. Future. 2024, 12, e2023EF003866.
95. Beattie, G. A.; Edlund, A.; Esiobu, N.; et al. Soil microbiome interventions for carbon sequestration and climate mitigation. mSystems 2025, 10, e01129-24.
96. Raza, S.; Zamanian, K.; Ullah, S.; Kuzyakov, Y.; Virto, I.; Zhou, J. Inorganic carbon losses by soil acidification jeopardize global efforts on carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 315, 128036.
97. Yan, C.; Yuan, Z.; Shi, X.; Lock, T. R.; Kallenbach, R. L. A global synthesis reveals more response sensitivity of soil carbon flux than pool to warming. J. Soils. Sediments. 2020, 20, 1208-21.
98. Duan, X.; Li, Z.; Wang, S.; et al. Stability of iron-carbon complexes determines carbon sequestration efficiency in iron-rich soils. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 2025, 203, 109718.
99. Mattila, T. J.; Vihanto, N. Agricultural limitations to soil carbon sequestration: plant growth, microbial activity, and carbon stabilization. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 2024, 367, 108986.
100. Ogle, S. M.; Swan, A.; Paustian, K. No-till management impacts on crop productivity, carbon input and soil carbon sequestration. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 2012, 149, 37-49.
101. Nair, P. K. R.; Mohan, Kumar. B.; Nair, V. D. Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk. 2009, 172, 10-23.
102. Wang, L.; Chen, D.; Zhu, L. Biochar carbon sequestration potential rectification in soils: synthesis effects of biochar on soil CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions. Sci. Total. Environ. 2023, 904, 167047.
103. Tiefenbacher, A.; Sandén, T.; Haslmayr, H.; Miloczki, J.; Wenzel, W.; Spiegel, H. Optimizing carbon sequestration in croplands: a synthesis. Agronomy 2021, 11, 882.
104. Singh, A.; Ghimire, R.; Acharya, P. Soil profile carbon sequestration and nutrient responses varied with cover crops in irrigated forage rotations. Soil. Till. Res. 2024, 238, 106020.
105. Sykes, A. J.; Macleod, M.; Eory, V.; et al. Characterising the biophysical, economic and social impacts of soil carbon sequestration as a greenhouse gas removal technology. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2020, 26, 1085-108.
106. Colombo, S.; Castro-Rodriguez, J.; Perez-Perez, D.; Almagro, M. Analysis of the environmental and economic performance of common agricultural policy eco-schemes in soil organic carbon sequestration. Ecol. Econ. 2024, 220, 108183.
107. Pinto, A. S. S.; Mcdonald, L. J.; Galvan, J. L. H.; Mcmanus, M. Improving life cycle assessment for carbon capture and circular product systems. Int. J. Life. Cycle. Assess. 2024, 29, 394-415.
108. Baumber, A.; Cross, R.; Ampt, P.; et al. Soil-based carbon farming: opportunities for collaboration. J. Rural. Stud. 2024, 108, 103268.
109. Vazquez DA, Gagliano E, Del Borghi A, Tacchino V, Spotorno S, Gallo M. Carbon farming of main staple crops: a systematic review of carbon sequestration potential. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7907.
110. Vågen, T.; Lal, R.; Singh, B. R. Soil carbon sequestration in sub-Saharan Africa: a review: soil carbon sequestration. Land. Degrad. Dev. 2005, 16, 53-71.
111. Schulp, C. J.; Nabuurs, G.; Verburg, P. H. Future carbon sequestration in Europe - effects of land use change. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 2008, 127, 251-64.
112. Xu, S.; Shi, X.; Zhao, Y.; et al. Carbon sequestration potential of recommended management practices for paddy soils of China, 1980-2050. Geoderma 2011, 166, 206-13.
113. Fukuta, Y.; Konisho, K.; Senoo-Namai, S.; et al. Genetic characterization of rainfed upland new rice for Africa (NERICA) varieties. Breed. Sci. 2012, 62, 27-37.
114. Stutler, K.; Pena-Yewtukhiw, E.; Skousen, J. Mine soil health on surface mined lands reclaimed to grassland. Geoderma 2022, 413, 115764.
115. Smith, P.; Soussana, J. F.; Angers, D.; et al. How to measure, report and verify soil carbon change to realize the potential of soil carbon sequestration for atmospheric greenhouse gas removal. Global. Chang. Biol. 2020, 26, 219-41.
116. Potash, E.; Guan, K.; Margenot, A.; et al. How to estimate soil organic carbon stocks of agricultural fields? Geoderma 2022, 411, 115693.
117. Randazzo, N. A.; Gordon, D. R.; Hamburg, S. P. Improved assessment of baseline and additionality for forest carbon crediting. Ecol. Appl. 2023, 33, e2817.






